hi hello everybody my name is Professor ABD Karim from University Science Malaysia and in this lecture will talk about the processing of uh fats and oils uh we focus on the extraction process okay let's start by looking at the overview of the process of oil processing so basically we start with the raw material so the raw material can be the seed for example from um soybean seed or the cotton seed sunflower seed or uh from our uh from the oil palm fruits then um the oil has to be squeezed out from the raw raw material so for this uh purpose uh we can use uh two types of U extraction we can use um an organic uh solvent so this a solvent extraction which will extract the fat or the oil from the fruits or from the seed and uh another process is without using solvent which is uh basically we call a physical extraction so usually this is using a mechanical press for example a screw press to expel or to extract uh the the oil physically out from the seed or from the oil at the end of the extraction process uh what we'll get is uh the crude oil so the crude oil usually contain a lot of things uh undesirable components such as free fatty acid um FF or it can contain phospholipids uh pigments and um a lot of moisture so this is uh something that is uh undesirable so the next process is to purify the oil and basically this uh what you call the the stage or the process of uh refining to refine the oil to remove all the uh as much as possible the UN undesirable components from the crude oil so the first stage basically the first stage of the oil processing is to extract the oil to get the crude oil then after that uh refining then um the second major stage in the oil processing is the modification the objective of modification is to uh modify the properties of the um oil to produce uh oil products with different uh physical properties uh most uh some of this um uh modification it process uh for example hydrogenation this a very uh widely used process in the industry to increase the melting point and the solid fat content of the fat so usually we use this process to produce um product like maerin then there's also uh inter inter esterification process and also fractionation process so the idea of this modification process is to produce uh various types of oil uh products which have higher value and which can be used for many um food application you may be familiar with a few types of uh vegetable oil but um Commercial Oil can be extracted from various types of seed and fruits so for example on this uh slide you can see that um oil can be extracted from the soybean from the uh palm oil fruits oil palm fruits from uh canola from uh sunflower from the coconut flesh and the from the palum canel so for for the oil palum this is the oil palum fruits uh the the red the orange uh flesh outside is from uh this uh we from where we can get the uh C palm oil and the white flesh inside this actually the Palm kernel and we can actually extract uh the palp P canel Oil which have different uh physical and chemical composition from the pump canel um part then um oil also can be extracted from corn from cotton seed from Olive Lin seed sunflower sunflow and from castor oil I will now focus on the extraction of uh palm oil from the oil palm fruits so you can see on the uh slide here the picture of uh the oil pumm uh fruit Bunch on on the on the this on the on the tree and uh this a picture of the fruit bunch and the cross-section of the fruits and if you have not seen how the oil pump tree looks like um this is how it looks like um this uh the tree this still uh uh quite quite um it's not very tall so you can see the fruit Bunch between the fronts like this so you have to be very careful because there sharp tone uh between the fruit Bunch if you're not careful you can get your fingers or your hand uh injured okay this is how the fruit bun the oil pump fruit Bunch uh looks like if you have if you have not seen one um so you can see there's a sharp tone there and these the fruitlets down here you can see the fruitlets uh been um stri out or or come out from the fruit bunch and if we take a cross-section of the uh the fruitlets can see this mesap or the flesh area this from uh this the part where we can extract or we can get the crude palm oil and the white flesh is a palm kernel and uh surrounded by the shell the heart shell so we can basically we can get two types of uh oil here the crude palm oil from the mocap and the Palm kernel oil from the white flesh or from the kernel part so after the extraction you can get uh from the mesap or from the outer flesh we can get the cud pump oil so you the color is very dark orange color and here you can see in this picture uh the the oil has actually separated into two layers the bottom layer is contain a lot of um insoluble uh component or phosphor lipids uh and other things that uh need to be removed and the upper layer is basically the the oil and the kernel the middle part of the fruit bunch here this is how it looks like uh actually the the shell is very hot we have to break the shell to get in to get into the white flesh and we can extract the oil from the from the kernel to get the crud uh pump Kel oil and this uh how the CR palm oil looks like it's uh quite thick and viscous with red uh or orange color uh actually it contains a lot of um a rich amount of uh catenoids and in this picture you can see the side by side the comparison between the the appearance of crud palm oil and the appearance of crud uh Palm Canal oil and here again the uh more close uh closeup picture of the oil palm uh fruit Bunch um looks very very beautiful isn't it so the story start from the plantation the fruits uh you can see here the oil pump tree here now is quite tall so uh we have to use the pole uh to bring down to harvest the fruits from from the tree uh it's not very easy job I can tell you then um then the fruit Bunch will be collected uh these days we can use the tractor or the model or the modern um means to collect the fruit then the fruit will be uh transported by train or by using Lorry uh to the factory you can see here the tractor uh bring a full load of um oil pumm fruits into the factory to be uh processed so if if you live near the plantation you can see um uh you know sometimes the fruits uh now in this case the fruit is being transported by the uh uh train uh here uh then this this train actually will go to the factory and this is how the palm oil meal uh looks like so you can see the oil pump fruit Bunch being uh um stored in the open space here and inside here uh where the processing uh take place so now let's look at the extraction uh process uh and before that we can see again uh this uh nice picture of the fruit LS uh from the oil pump fruit bunch and is a picture of the kernel and uh the kernel the outer shell is is actually very hot so in the to get the into the white flesh inside so the canal has the shell has to be broken uh before we can extract the oil from uh from the uh Palm Canal so for the uh preparation of the um oil pump fruits before processing so usually I will go through the ster the sterilization process uh before pressing out the oil from the oil palm fruits uh the first step is um the the the sterilization process and in this process the oil pump fruit will go through the um sterilization in the sterilizer uh the function of this um the function of sterilization process is to deactivate the lipolytic enzymes the lipolytic enzyme such as lipas in the oil palum fruits is um Can can cause uh hydrolysis of the triglycerides or the fat to produce free fatty acid and this is undesirable chemical reaction that need to be stopped so by using the high temperature in the sterilization process we can deactivate the enzyme and stop the hydris process the function of this sterilization process is to activate the lipolytic enzyme in the freshh uh fruits the presence of lipolytic enzyme such as lipase can cause hydrolysis of the triglyceride to produce free fatty acid and uh we don't want to produce a lot of fatty acid uh in the in the fruits because you can get high amount of free fatti acid in the crud oil in the crude oil and this will require a lot of uh refining later to remove the free fatty acid and um the high temperature during the sterilization process Also Serve to uh soften the fruit and to facilitate the removal or the stripping of the fruitlets uh from the on uh from the fruit Bunch also the high temperature in the uh sterilization process will sort of soften or precondition the the the kernel so that uh the the the shell the kernel shell is not uh too hot and um during the during the uh process to separate the Kel from the from the flesh um it will reduce the breakage uh of the kernel so that uh this will facilitate uh the separation of the kernel from the flesh in the processing of the pump Canal oil so this is a a typical site um in the factory uh we can see the fruit uh the fresh fruit branches in the metal uh cages ready to be uh load into the sterilizer uh for the process of sterilization and this is the picture of the sterilizer you can see the long uh uh struct uh Barrel of the sterilizer and the door here uh and this the rail the rail where the the metal cage will come in from this uh Direction and will push through in in uh into the uh sterilizer so uh typically in the factory you can have a fuel uh sterilizer to for the sterilization process and in this picture you can see the the metal cage containing the fruit punch is being pushed inside the sterilizer and this is a example of the schematic diagram of screw press um this might not be the same type that we normally use in the extraction of um palm oil uh in this case this actually the screw press for the oil extraction from the fruit of from the from the seed so basically it consists of the the the screw here and the fit Inlet here uh and the cage the metal cage and the outlet for the oil and um the process of extraction of the oil will uh occur inside this uh structure so this is a nice um uh flowchart to show the various stages in the palm oil uh processing so we start from uh transporting the ffb the fruit the fresh fruit bunch from the plantation by using um various means of transportation then it will go through the uh oil mill to the plant for processing then uh here the whole uh part here is actually the oil extraction uh at the oil mill starting from the sterilization to deactivate the enzyme and uh to uh to to facilitate the process of the stripping of fruit LS later then the next process is stripping which uh which is the process to separate the fruitlets from the fruit bunch and this will go through the extraction process to extract the oil and then the purification process to remove uh majority of the uh undesirable component in the crude oil then finally we get the crude oil but at this stage the crude oil still contain a lot of um uh fatty acid high amount of free free fatty acid maybe between 3 to 5% it contain uh gums phospholipids waxes pigments so this need to be uh removed in the process of refining and um we will look at refining process later but basically there are we can use physical refining by using steam or we can use uh chemical refining by using alkaline process but uh both whether physical or alkaline refining the idea is to remove the gums or phospholipids um free fatty acid so various stages uh of refining and finally we can we will get the refined oil RBD palm oil here means refine bleach and deiz uh palm oil and um we can get various byproducts from the refining process for example fatty acid distillate or the soap St the the soap stock uh this is another picture uh or the flow chart showing the same uh process as the previous slide so basically we start by um uh transporting the raw material into the factory and it will go through a sterilization process and the whole process here is the stages to get the uh crud pumm oil and the Kel which is the middle part of the fruits will go a separate process usually a different part of the factory to produce the uh pump Canal oil and this is yet another uh flow chart uh looks like more complicated but basically it consists of the same uh stages to produce the um crud palm oil and also crud Palm Canal oil um so again we start here this where the ffb or the fresh fruit Bunch it will go in through the sterilizer then the stripping process to remove the fruitlets from the fruit bunch then the extraction process here clarification uh process to remove the sediments and other uh U uh raw uh undesirable components in the crud oil and finally we get the crud pump oil and on this part here this is actually the uh process to produce the Palm Canal crude Palm Canal oil so we can summarize the extraction of uh palm oil uh from this uh diagram so we start with fresh fruit Bunch it will go through the sterilization process stripping of the fruitlets then the extraction by using uh screw press and the clarification and purification before finally we get the crud palm oil and the nut uh sorry the kernel will go through uh also a separate process to produce the pump uh kernel oil this is a picture of um crud palm canel oil and this is the refined uh palm oil RBD stands for refined bleach deiz palum Canal oil