Plato's Apology Summary

Aug 28, 2025

Overview

This lecture covers the main arguments and structure of Plato’s "Apology," focusing on Socrates’ defense, philosophical themes, and the outcome of his trial.

Background and Context

  • "Apology" recounts the speech given by Socrates in his defense at his trial in Athens.
  • Socrates was charged with impiety (not believing in the gods) and corrupting the youth.

Structure of Socrates’ Defense

  • Socrates addresses old accusations and explains his reputation for wisdom.
  • He examines the Oracle at Delphi’s proclamation that no one is wiser than Socrates.
  • Socrates explains his method of questioning others to expose ignorance.
  • He distinguishes himself from Sophists, emphasizing he does not teach for money.

Socratic Method and Philosophy

  • Socrates uses questioning (the Socratic method) to seek truth and expose false wisdom.
  • He claims it is better to admit ignorance than to pretend to know what one does not.
  • Socrates prioritizes care for the soul over material wealth or public opinion.

Socrates’ Response to the Accusations

  • He denies intentional wrongdoing and argues that he never corrupted anyone knowingly.
  • Socrates suggests if he harmed anyone, it would have been unintentional and should be corrected, not punished by law.
  • He denies atheism, stating he believes in spiritual matters.

Verdict and Aftermath

  • Socrates is found guilty and proposes alternative punishments, refusing to suggest exile or silence.
  • He is sentenced to death but maintains that death is not to be feared.
  • Socrates encourages his followers to question and seek virtue.

Key Terms & Definitions

  • Apology — a defense speech, not an expression of regret.
  • Socratic method — a form of cooperative questioning to stimulate critical thinking and illuminate ideas.
  • Impiety — lack of proper respect for the gods.
  • Virtue — moral excellence and righteousness.

Action Items / Next Steps

  • Read the full text of Plato’s "Apology" for detailed examples of Socratic questioning.
  • Prepare discussion questions on the differences between Socrates and the Sophists.