I'm John marman and this is history 202 and so I'm here every Monday in Wednesday 10:30 to uh 11:20 and the way this course is that that these are all really major themes and I'm going to go over this a little bit and I'm going to talk about some of the themes uh and I kind of lecture on things that I think that complement what what you're doing let me give you an example uh when I talk about imperialism the new imperialism why it is that you're a uh basically took over the entire world between uh the 1880s and and 194 uh I if you can read the chapter in the history of modern Europe which I had fun writing um but I lecture on the Boy Scouts and I often say that I lecture on the Boy Scouts because I was thrown out of the Boy Scouts in in uh Portland Oregon when I was a kid because I didn't manage to accumulate a single badge and was totally useless after Sports Seasons uh ended but that's not why I do it because to understand the new imperialism one has to why Europe took over essentially all of Africa that places were totally Uncharted uh suddenly became highly contested between British French and German and Italian uh uh conquerors uh that one has to understand that the culture of imperialism and the origins of the Boy Scouts in Britain has a lot to do with that why generations of British youth in their counterparts in Germany and and even Australia New Zealand and other places uh began to think that it was important to be able to look at a map in their Schoolhouse uh that that had the color red for Britain uh increasingly taking over the map of Europe and and and lots of other places I mean of uh uh of uh Asia and Africa and lots of other places as well uh so instead of at the very beginning of that lecture I'll say look there are three things you really ought to know about the new imperialism why why they did this and then I talk about uh uh the Boy Scout so that those two things will fit together or when I talk about World War I and we'll have two lectures my friend uh and colleague Jay Winter is doing one of them uh on the Great War in modern memory uh i i instead of trying to do the entire war and there's a a I think quite sporty chapter on that in the book uh uh I'll talk about about trench warfare and you'll see a film called Paths of glor an early kubric film about the mutinies in 19 uh in 1917 and I'll talk about the mutinies in 1917 when people just said enough as enough you know there's no sense dying for nothing we won't uh go over the top so which is to say that that it's important to come to lecture and it's important to come to sections I've cut back on the reading I used to use about four more books than I use now but it's better to concentrate on what you're doing uh the books are a history of modern Europe uh which I basically the second edition which I wrote for people like you um and then you'll read Persian letters not all of it that would be a rather lengthy uh uh lengthy day or so uh you read excerpts in Persian letters and monu you know talks about in a way talks about relations between West and East and it's really you know it's phenomenal moment in in the history of uh the enlightenment um then you have a pause where you you're you're basically just reading me uh for better for worse but I hope for better uh until you get to uh aah is a great novel as germinal uh which is uh which is a classic and zolah was the first s naturalist uh naturalist novelist uh at least in France and when he wrote Geral Geral means budding like the budding of trees but he means the budding of of people being aware of themselves as as workers he went down to the mines in the north of France and the in aah and one of the the heroes uh of of the book is a woman called Katrin who is 15 years old but it's seen a lot of life for being 15 years old and when zolah uh uh wrote Jal he went down into the mines to look at 15-year-old uh uh young women uh barely older than girls working in the mines uh uh 12 hours a day so it's a book that just you know resounds with reality and it's really kind of an amazing amazing uh amazing book and I think you'll like that I hope you will um and then helmet Smith's the butcher tale is about accusations of uh uh of ritual murder in a German Town it's about about the the second German Reich uh and it's about uh anti-Semitism uh in a small place with bigger uh consequences uh George Orwell uh went off to fight the good fight in Spain during the Spanish Civil War uh where was sort of a dry run for an even more horrible war and even more horrible uh uh fascists um and it's about his engagement and disillusionment uh in uh this the Spanish uh uh Republican forces the loyalist forces and about the tensions and the duplicity of of of Stalin's folks uh undercutting the trist and undercutting the anarchists and it's one of those Classics it's a classic for a very good reason it's really a uh a marvelous read and finally there's ordinary men uh I go to Poland a lot in the last couple years I've been there four or five times for for various uh reasons and and I'd never been to aitz and uh went to aitz a year ago I don't know some of you probably been there and as you're going through this the the horror of it all and as you're seeing you're seeing empty suitcases with people's names on them that people don't exist anymore and you're seeing baby shoes and things like that you think who could have done this who could have gone out uh and simply uh in assembly line way killed people or in fields around wood which is a was a large industrial town still is in Poland simply gone out and blown the brains out of mothers babies grandmothers and anybody they found who could have done it well the answer that Chris Browning has is ordinary men and he had the quite brilliant idea of looking at a a a German unit essentially policeman from Hamburg uh the town the port town of Hamburg old important htic port uh and he follows them from the lives of very ordinary people uh Into The Killing Fields it was nothing less than that of Poland you know and it's also short German is long but these other ones are short and and uh uh it's also you know it's gripping it's it's it's quite uh quite amazing so uh th those are the books I think the history of modern Europe I hope it's funed to read uh I think you'll en enjoy that and the lectures kind of you see the themes uh speak for themselves um sections that everybody likes Wednesday night sessions uh one of my colleagues has only Wednesday night sections uh and we've gone increasingly to that because sometimes you don't find a large audience on even Friday morning 10:30 slots we've abandoned that so tentatively we're going to have um two at 7 2 at 8 and then uh Thursday at 1:30 uh p.m. uh and Thursday uh at 2:30 uh p.m. and I don't know when are we starting sections it doesn't sometimes we don't do it till the second week it depends on what day what day is this Wednesday um so I don't know maybe we'll start them next week week maybe we won't who knows but they will happen and and uh uh there's also a a short sporty paper assignment uh and by short I don't mean two pages uh but uh but something like seven pages eight pages on something that you want to write about now let me give you some examples just you know off the top of my head if you have any interest in in painting for example it would be interesting to take a uh to take uh looks by say the impression two impressionist painters like Bizarro and and uh um and Renoir and to see how they viewed the transformation of 19th Century Paris the big boulevards and all of that or you could take another novel I mean jeral one of the interesting things about it is that it's it's a document of History you know it's a novel so these are invented people but but it's a document of history in some ways as is lots of the great literature on World War I and there isn't any period in modern history that has so much so much gripping literature about as the Great War and the British war poets like Sig fre Sassoon and a lot of these people you know were dead after they wrote uh sason wasn't uh at least immediately I can't remember if he dies in 1918 or not but um uh to take to take some of the Poetry or the writing of the war and and write a paper about it or if you're into diplomatic history or something like that I mean I don't know I wouldn't Council a paper of reevaluating the origins of the Crimean War that might you put you to sleep before you know it puts your ta to sleep but you could imagine a good uh a good paper on that I mean you can do whatever you want um one of the lectures when I do the enlightenment uh bwing from my good friend Bob Darton uh you know I'll do a thing at the beginning about why the enlightenment was important and what it is there secularization rational inquiry and all of that stuff that you may already know maybe not but it's it's in the book but then what what what I do is I look at some of the the third string kind of or the third division in the European football sense of Enlightenment hacks uh and what they wrote about royalty and about Aristocrats and the way they kind of undermined those traditional hierarchies that would be swept away to a large extent by the French Revolution or you could take somebody out of the French Revolution such as the Steely sanjust you know who ran off with his mother silver at age 16 or something and and went on the grand tour of of France and talk about him on the Committee of Public Safety that signed away the lives of lots of people but may have also saved the revolution you can do whatever you want you well you know it should have something to do with the course and in the time period we're we're talking about I mean nothing you know on the Red Soxs or something but but uh uh you would you know work with your teaching participant and you know I'm an email animal I'm always available on email and and I have office hours as well though people don't come to them much anymore I'm sitting they're doing nba.com because email has made office hours sort of oblivious I mean irrelevant not oblivious but uh people are oblivious to my office hours but anyway uh uh they are uh where when are they they are Mondays 1 to 2:30 used to be 3 but I sit there by myself 1 to 2:30 uh in Branford College uh K uh K13 um there are also two other movies when we get to Fascism when we get to Adolf Hitler we and and and he was only one of a whole bunch of dictators there was hardly any parliamentary regimes left in in in Continental Europe by the time 19339 comes uh a woman called Lenny re St who just died in 2002 at the age 102 uh she in when she was a young woman did a propaganda film for Hitler and Hitler like musolini believed in high-tech he's one of the first people to to use the radio I mean Franklin Roosevelt used the fireside chat of the radio but musolini was already there you know uh piling falsehood upon falsehood uh and and Italians who couldn't barely afford to eat and all had their radios and the same thing happened in Germany as well and she did a book she did a movie called uh a documentary called Triumph of the will about nberg and it is truly chilling it's an amazing uh it looks like you know a political convention or something uh uh in some ways uh and it's uh all these movies you can see in the privacy of your your luxurious Suites in Branford or Pearson College uh or wherever because uh they're available now in ways I don't even understand but but on your on your internet we used to actually show them here uh I used to use this movie a great movie called The sorrow and the pity and it was was 4 hours long and the and people described it as a two sixpack movie uh and the janers complained because there's so many beer bottles rattling around of course this is before the drinking age was Lord of or was raised so of course uh I don't show that movie I I I take that back I don't take that back but what the hell but anyway uh I don't I I don't I don't show that movie anymore but but but I do show Triumph for the will and you can watch that at home uh and the other one is because one of the last lectures I talk about uh resistance and collaboration in Europe and because I live in France much of the time I I talk about France uh and U some of goodbye children uh some of you have probably seen it was made by Lou Mal who just died a couple years ago uh and it was about when he was colle he was so he was equivalent of seventh and eighth grade and there's a new boy shows up at school during World War II in font Blau which is just south of east of Paris and he's a boy who hadn't been there before and he's a Jewish boy and it's about his friendship with this boy and what happens you know at the end it's not know a happy film but it's a it's a great great film um what else but to say there's a midterm I don't like to waste a lecture giving a midterm I would rather give a lecture but we have to have something uh to report to you uh if you if you uh Tobe it if you don't do very well at all we don't count it as much as if you do well um I people ask these questions I know how much is it worth well I mean gez there's more life than grades but it's uh uh it's it's something like 25% and the paper's 25% and section participation is 10% whatever we work out and then uh and then the final so um it's just you know it's an exercise and seeing how how you're uh how you're doing um and you know it really is is is no big deal but it will help you pull the themes of uh the course uh uh together and it's it's no scary situation I mean we all live on this sort of a minus B+ uh range you know I I'll tell you a couple years ago I I I ran into the student uh when I ran into a student some you know friendly guy and I see people say Hi how are you how you know how are you and I ran to this one person said Hi how are you and she went oh hello oh and I remembered her name and I went and looked it up and there was the B+ and it wasn't that high how are you a minus or A1 uh but I mean whatever I'm sure she had all A's in the other courses and plus is not the end of the world and most people get A's but uh uh whatever but you have to take the midterm that's the way they run it here and it's not my idea so uh that's what we're going to do okay now I'm going to talk about themes some of the themes and at the end I'm going to read you a poem because I got I started history in a way in a serious way because I read this poem so I'll leave that uh until the end of it um I didn't go to Yale I I went to the University of Michigan Maze and blue forever very sad since last weekend um and I couldn't I came from Portland Oregon uh I don't know if any come from Portland Oregon but that's where I'm from and when I went off to Michigan I'd been at a Jesuit High School and Jesuit High School was a sports Factory in part uh but but it was a very good school but it was very repressive and I went off to the University of Michigan after having been in Jesuit school for four years and uh it was wine women and song there weren't enough of the in the middle uh probably too much of the first and my first semester I got a I got a 1 Point uh 93 grade point average and my mother asked me if that was on a two-point scale you know I'm serious and I had a I had an F I mean I'm not I shouldn't laugh at myself and my kids say oh my God not the same story again but uh I got an F and I got two C's and I got a B and the people I hung around with in ant Arbor were so unaccomplished some some of them anyway uh that they thought I was smart that I got a bee they say I go by in the dining room he got a bee and they asked they asked me to tutor them can you imagine that and so I mean some of the people that I hang around with were amazing you may even know people like that but I don't think I don't think so but one of the guys that I knew I got to get back to the topic in a minute but I just thought of this was um sort of the king of malapropisms and uh one day he was going on and on this is the people I hung around with he was going on and on about this good meal that he'd had you know of one course after another and it was fantastic and it was a really good restaurant and and you know somebody snuck him some wine and and and finally I so tired of the whole thing I said was it gratus and he said no it was chicken and so those those are the people that I hang around with the University of Michigan but I've taught here a long time I and I stand by Ma and blue but I love Yale and one of the things I love about Yale is being able to teach people like you and I mean it and I love this course so uh I hope that you will uh you will enjoy it uh if indeed you take it now what about some of the themes what kind of stuff are we are we going to do could you get some uh um a syllabi for some of those folks back there be great they're up they're up on the on the thing thanks a lot a couple themes um I don't believe I've never believe that history is a series of bins I guess I wrote that in the book but that you open up and you say well there goes Enlightenment shut that baby down then you open up the next one and here comes 18th century rivalries and you shut that baby and then French Revolution well I'm I know all about that now pretty soon you go on to Russian Revolution eventually and all that that you know to do a course like this where you're going to learn much of what is important to know about Western Civilization I do believe um if you do the reading and stuff and if you enjoy the lectures um there have to be some threads that you know that go all the way through that that make it work uh that make it worth it so you learn something and and one is certainly statemaking because even if you take a sort of federalized decentralized State like with this very bizarre electoral system like the United United States uh that the growth of of modern States you know it doesn't really just come in the 20th century with with well the welfare state beginning in England uh and even before that in some other places Insurance programs and things like that it begins with a consolidation of state power uh in the late Middle Ages with with territorial monarchies the Spanish and the and the French and the English monarchies um it has a lot to do with the growth of absolute Rule and that's what I'm going to talk about next time absolute rule uh absolutism uh the growth of standing armies huge standing armies never seen before uh a forts big forts built on Frontiers uh it has a lot to do with bureaucrats who can extract resources from from Ordinary People while the rich didn't pay anything or hardly anything at all uh it has to do with an allegiance the dynastic allegiance that could be transferred later to to to a nation the idea of a nation and that starts in the 18th century it doesn't start in the 19th Century it starts in the 18th century at least in England and that's an argument that in Britain and that's an argument that we'll make uh we'll make uh also you know in 1500 which is kind of when that book gets rolling though you only start in about 1648 um there was about 1500 different territorial units in Europe and some were no bigger than an archbishop's Garden in in Germany and some were larger States not yet what they are now in terms of size such as France and and uh which expanded under Louis the 14th into you know elas and and and luren and and various other places but there's about 1,500 territorial units in 1890 there were 30 and so the consolidation of state power which is looking at it from the state out or the the emergence of an identity where you see yourself as German as opposed to Bavarian French as opposed to gason or proval uh Spanish as opposed to castian you know uh or as opposed to Catalan the catala language was illegal until 1975 75 until Francisco Franco finally coked uh in 1975 in November uh uh and so uh some somebody this is a great phrase some I wish IID said it originally I don't know who said it but someone once said that a language is a dialect with a powerful Army and that's it that's true France at the time of the French Revolution half the people in France knew French there was bilingualism you could know Catalan you could you could know over pwa we live in the south of France where a lot of people old people still speak of pwa though that's mostly dying out uh and how does it come that identity a sense of allegiance to a state or a country not everybody but how does it come to 1914 when people marching off to get killed uh singing the marz the French national anthem in in in pretty good french how does that happen how does the state increase its reach how does the modern world how is it created we call this process it's it's a clumsy world word but statemaking how do states form and the other side of this is how do identities change if you know in the 16th century 17th century you ask somebody who you were say who are you and they would say well you know I I am so so I'm of this family or I am Protestant if it was the 16 Century or late 16th centur or late 16th century anytime after 1520s 1530s in parts of Germany I'm Protestant uh I am Jewish uh uh in much of the Balkans I am Muslim uh in most of Europe uh I am Catholic in in Eastern Europe I am you know Russian Orthodox I live in the village Mir Mir uh in Russia how does it happen that by the end of the 19 century people have you in Russia as they starving to death uh Starving in in the famine that that toll story the great writer called the world's attention to you know they a lot of them died in in fields thinking only if the Zar only knew that we were starving and that his ministers were treating this bad how angry he would be well they didn't get it that you know they didn't know that thear could have given one damn uh but but the the allegiance to uh the Zar the sense of being Russian uh or being dominated by the Russian Zar is something they had to be constructed as a so the state constructs its ability to to to extract taxes extract bodies for National armies also to provide resources but identities are transformed and so I give this as an example because State making is um is one of the themes that kind of ties uh everything together and you know this course ends in 1945 but look at look at the problems in the postcommunist world of of statemaking and look what's going on in Georgia which is more complicated than than than the newspapers uh uh you uh present in in very many ways or look what the horror show of of the Balkans in the 1990s so a lot of the issues uh religious hatreds that we thought only were would be limited to Northern Ireland you know that's another theme that's very important through the whole thing another of course is economic change obviously this is not a course in economic history uh but the rise of capitalism I mean that's what it's called capitalism or large scale industrialization it changes in ways that that that we'll suggest in the reading and then I'll talk about a little bit the way people live in very fundamental ways there's lots of continuities but there's lots of big changes everybody doesn't end up in the assembly lines right away uh and there other ways of of of rural production uh women's work uh remains terribly terribly important uh and I'll spend some time doing that a a very dear friend of mine my mentor indeed Chuck Tilly who just died a couple months ago to my great sadness one said that it's very it's bitter hard it's bitter hard to write the history of remainders and so lots of people who were left out of all of this I'll do one lecture when I talk I talk about popular protest and I'll take three examples of of people rebelling and I I I stand back and said what does this mean what is going on here I take the example from from the Pyrenees Mountains a place called The a we not responsible for that that name would never be but we're suddenly men dressed as women carrying guns or carrying pitchforks came down out of The Mists out of the snow and and and drove away charcoal burners and drove away Forest guards why because they'd lost access to glean to pasture their their miserable animals uh because the wealthy big surprise got the law on their side as the price of wood goes up they didn't walk around say well I'm a remainder eventually I'm going to have to move to tulus and my grand great great grandchildren will work in the Aeros spacial in the air industry uh there they didn't say I'm remainder number 231 but they fought for their dignity and for a sense of moral of justice that they they thought existed at one time that had been taken away by these economic changes they couldn't control and then I take an example from the south of England from the same time 1829 1830 when they they find people that dead with on dandelion in their stomach dead of hunger and then these people start marching the poor The Wretched poor rural laborers start marching and threaten people with threshing machines why threshing machines because threshing machines was taking away their work as Harvesters and one day they found a sign that said Revenge from thee is on the wing from my thy determined Captain's swing suggested that they were many they were righteous they were just they were armed they were ready did Captain swing exist of course not they were weak and they get lost they're they they get defeated some of them are hung like lots of them are sent to Tasmania through the prison at Port Arthur Tasmania they're sent to Australia that's why when the Australians play the English a lot of the Australians sing We you know that old uh Beetle song Yellow Submarine which you don't remember which I vaguely remember uh we we all live in a convict Colony a convict Colony a convict Colony uh Captain swing they lost but they went down fighting and it's bitter hard to write the history of remainders but when you look up from that you say look what what's going on here when you look at people fighting for grain fighting for food they're fighting against a larger process that they can't they can't uh control but it tells you a lot what's going on over the big picture so that's another one and then there is just I'll just take one more uh maybe another 10 minutes I'm going to read you my poem and then then then you can go but I hope you come back um war war as a dynamic of change um the 18th centuy well Warfare changes with Napoleon uh there were already changes in the 18th century but it was there still basically professional armies or people getting conscripted in the British Navy because they were drunk at the wrong place at the wrong time outside of a Tavern in Portsmith or something the next thing they know they're throwing up on a on a ship bobbing off uh toward the English Empire uh but but Warfare changes with the nation state the French called the leas that's sort Mass conscription the sense of defending the nation and there's This Magic Moment where The Artisans of Paris defeat the highly professionalized Army at a windmill called valme uh in the east of France and it changes the way things were uh Napoleon is arguably the first Total War uh because of a war against civilians uh in uh uh where they're no longer the traditional limits between fighting against civilians and fighting against uh uh against armies and those limits hadn't existed in the 30 Years War and I'll talk a little bit about that uh next time around but but the wars are very different you know there were uh there's famous Goya paintings of of peasants being gunned down by French soldiers and and atrocities against peasants in in Calabria in the south of Italy so Warfare really changes but it becomes a dynamic of change if you think about the Russian Revolution of 1917 the Russian Revolution was not inconceivable without World War I uh but it was sort of inconceivable without the Russian Revolution of 1904 1905 and defeat in Japan by the Japanese and in an extraordinary uh shocking event for at least for Europeans in in the in 1904 1905 and World War I provides opportunities for dissidents in Russia to put forward their claims so when the whole thing collapses on the Zara's head uh in February 1917 and the Bolsheviks come to power the war itself was the dynamic of change as well and what a war uh what wars I mean there had been nothing ever like it a few journalists who had been in uh the Russia Japanese war had seen trenches uh in in manua that had been built but nobody could have imagined that the war was supposed to be over in 6 weeks was going to destroy four Empires that is the the Ottoman Empire the austr Hungarian Empire the German Empire and the Russian Empire and arguably this we can talk about this we can debate this the British Empire because lots of of of people who had fought in India Indians who had fought in the War or people now we'd call Pakistani who'd fought in the War or people from Kenya who' fought in the War uh are no longer going to be satisfied with with simply you know arguing that they're part of the the great Empire even though they have have hardly any rights and and no money and simply work for for the big guy um and so the war transforms uh uh Europe by destroying these Empires what it also does and it's very possible to argue this and and U and my friend Jay witer who is a great expert on World War I and Bruno kaban also who's on leave this year would agree with this you can see the whole period 1914 1945 as a new and more terrible 30 Years War because Europe is in depression all through the 1920s and 30s agriculture depression the whole time uh only between 1924 and 1929 is it not big industrial depression uh the poisoning of the political atmosphere I'll give I'll talk I'm going to do a whole lecture on Hitler and the National Socialist because war war I created Hitler he was already just as pathetic a guy with grandio plans with no friends and and sort of a sad sack going to the theater and uh and uh uh droning on and on about all he knew about Vagner whom he loved and in the theater and a threadbear coat but World War I transforms him into an anti-semite he was already an antisocial it transforms him into an anti-semite people the troops that came back many of them simply kept on marching they' survived the war and they kept on marching marching and the poisoning of the political atmosphere spere was something that was simply extraordinary and you have to to understand Fascism and this is terribly terribly important uh you have to understand what happens in World War I Great Expectations dashed uh the Treaty of Versa which only the Great British thinker John Maynard canes really got right predicting the disaster that came out of it there's no more fascinating period in history uh uh in my mind it's it's absolutely a fantastic and what a war it's all obvious everybody seen these films the Imperial or War Museum which has been kind of wrecked the way they've done it now it's too high-tech but uh in London uh but I leave you with just was a couple thoughts that the battle of the Su in 1916 that started on July 1 when they blow the whistle and say over the top guys uh there are more British soldiers killed and wounded in the first three days of the battle of the S Somme three days three days then there were Americans killed in World War I Korea and Vietnam combined in 3 days where is where are the Great British leaders of the 1920s in the 1930s They're All Dead they're hung up on that old barb wire as one of the war poets put it they're hung up on that old barb wire one guy uh soccer player uh said well I'm going to you know we'll we'll get some enthusiasm he D to dribble a ball across you know these trenches and things across the the craters and he doesn't make it he's he's killed in 1915 1914 on Christmas Day the Germans and the and the and the British soldiers someone say enough of this stuff for the day and they sing to each other and they actually play soccer they play football 1915 a British soldier says let's do the same thing they put him against the wall and shoot them 19 the the war the horror of the War uh it transforms Europe every aspect of Europe H it's impossible to understand the growth of The Agrarian uh sort of semi fascist regimes in in eastern Europe uh very much under Nazi influence uh without understanding World War I uh the War uh that the supposed to end all wars of course it doesn't do that at all and that's a big stop on on our uh uh on our agenda as well we did we used to read all quiet in the Western Front but everybody's read that and then we read Robert Graves rather long and self-indulgent goodbye to all that so that was pretty long so we don't do that but we do we will we will try to rock let me just read you my poem and then you can uh then you can go uh I go whatever you want but anyway but I remember this I remember reading this poem uh back at University of Michigan uh on a on 2 o'clock on a Saturday trying to figure out what I'd done the night before but any know um it this is bre the great uh East German East German poet and it's called a worker reads history and let me be Begin by saying that you know we're going to study quote unquote great I mean really quote unquote Great Men great women uh Hitler is obviously not a great man but you know awful just awful but but the people who were thought to a made history and Napoleon uh Peter the Great uh other people I do talk about the folks that you read about in in in textbooks including mine but I asked the same question and POs to the same question that bra poses and it's a short poem so just hang on who built the seven Gates of Thieves the books are filled with the names of Kings was it Kings who hauled the craggy blocks of stone and Babylon so many times destroyed who built the city up each time in which of Lima's houses the city glittering with with gold lived those who built it in the evening when the Chinese wall was finished where did the Masons go Imperial Rome is full of arcs of Triumph who reared them up over whom did the Caesars Triumph banum lives in song where all her dwellings palaces and even in Atlantis of the legend the night the sea rushed in the drowning men still bellowed for their slaves young Alexander conquered India he alone Caesar beat the GS was there not even a cook in his army Philip of Spain wept as his fleet was sunk and destroyed were there no other tears Frederick the great triumphed in the Seven Years War who triumphed with him each page a victory at whose expense the victory ball every 10 years a great man who paid the piper so many particulars so many questions and if you hang with us this semester we'll get at some of those see you thank you thank you