hello class we will continue our discussion on functional groups and so the next functional group that you need to be aware of is an alcohol and an alcohol has a generic structure like this r o h and the R Group has to be alkyl so some examples of a alcohol would be something like this we could have a ho connected to a ch3 that would be methanol if we looked at something like this let's use zigzag now one two two carbons that would be ethanol we could look do three carbons and put the alcohol group there are you noticing now this R Group can have many forms it could have it be a methyl an ethyl three carbons which stands which is a propyl so that R Group can be anything alkyl now when you take a look at alcohols that they they can come in many different uh shapes and sizes and whatnot we could draw a Benzene ring and stick an oh on it and so this Benzene ring is the R Group and we would cut this molecule's name is phenol and that's an alcohol so you got to get very used to this R Group can be anything alkyl and this roh is just a general structure now when it comes to alcohols there's different degrees of alcohols you can have a primary alcohol a secondary alcohol and a tertiary alcohol so a primary alcohol looks like this when so if we take a look at ethanol ethanol is a primary alcohol and the way that we classify this as a primary alcohol is we take a look at the carbon that is directly attached to the oxygen so you can see that this carbon here is attached to that oxygen there and then we ask ourselves how many carbons so question mark how many carbons are directly attached to that carbon and so we see that there is one carbon attached so if I look at another example here what if I did something like this okay no not that one let's see here what if we had like a carbon chain like this here and we put the oxygen there the alcohol right there so when we take a look at this we see that's the carbon the oh is attached to so we're counting how many carbons are directly attached to that one and there's only that carbon so that makes that a primary alcohol now what if we have an alcohol that looks like this what degree of alcohol is that one but it's the same process we identify the carbon that is directly attached to the oxygen atom and then we find how many carbons are directly attached to that carbon right there so I see one two so this alcohol is a secondary alcohol what if I had a alcohol that looked like this like that what type of alcohol is that same process that's the carbon that's directly attached to the oxygen and now we ask how many carbons are attached to that carbon one two three so that makes that a tertiary alcohol so we have primary secondary and tertiary alcohols and I want to emphasize that this is very very important for you to be able to identify because as you progress through the course depending on the degree of the alcohol determines how it's going to react so you need to be able to identify the degrees of alcohol so you can predict the reactivity so this is very important to understand and to know so the next functional group that we want to take a look at is called ethers so an ether also has an oxygen atom and this is a ether where you have a auction atom sandwiched between two alkyl groups so the r groups have to be alkyl they can't be hydrogen because if they're hydrogen let's say if this hydrogen this R group was a hydrogen what would we get we would get an alcohol so the r groups here for ethers has to be alkyl so you can have an ether like this one two carbons one two and you can see that this these two carbons is this R Group and these two carbons right here are that are group and you can see that the two R groups are exactly the same they're two carbons so ethyl groups and when you have two groups that are exactly the same you have a symmetrical ether the symmetrical spelled with two M's or just one and the world's worst speller we'll just go like that okay symmetrical but then you can have a unsymmetrical ether so something that looks like this you can see this R Group is a methyl and then this R Group is one two three four so four carbons it's unsymmetrical so ethers now ethers can also be in a ring so you could put let's say an auction like that that's an ether but when you have an ether in a three-membered ring we call that an epoxide when you look at the epoxides you can see how this carbon right here could be this r and then that carbon right there could be that r so we have an oxygen that's sandwiched we have an oxygen that centers between two carbons okay so those are ethers we have something that's very similar to ethers called thiols and thiols are just replace the oxygen with a sulfur atom so we could have sorry I misspoke so if this is a ether and if we replace that auction with a sulfur atom like that what we have is called a sulfide solve five okay so you can have symmetrical sulfides like that and you can have unsymmetrical sulfites right so what we have here so that is sulfides but then what remember this functional group right there what's that functional group right there that is an alcohol so if we replace the oxygen here with a sulfur now we have a style [Music] Yep this there we go so there we have a thile so you take that r and that's going to be alkyl right there so we could have files just look at all the examples of the alcohols that I've done and just replace the oxygen with the sulfur and you'll get thiols so this is a thiol that's a thiol okay another classification that we have and I'm going to just introduce this cut uh this functional group just checking to make sure this is still recording here is benzene now we have Benzene here all right so that's benzene but when you have a Benzene molecule it follows or falls under the functional group called aromatics and what that's talking about aromatic compounds are typically in a ring structure are in a ring structure with double single double single bonds alternating bonds and so at this point in the game all I want you to understand is that benzene is a aromatic compound and we will learn in the future other different types of aromatic compounds okay I just want you to be aware of that benzenes are aromatic compounds okay the next functional group that's really really important and is something called a ketone so a ketone has a generic structure like this where what we have is the r groups okay the r groups have to be equal alkyl R Group has to equal alkyl and then you have another functional group which is called an aldehyde and an aldehyde has at least one of these R groups is a hydrogen so you can have both of the r groups here they both could be hydrogen or at least one of them has to be hydrogen and the other's alkyl so when we take a look at a ketone versus an aldehyde the major difference is that in the ketone both R groups are alkyl so if I draw a very simple ketone acetone like this we acetone is a solvent that most people have seen it as nail polish remover so that's that is acetone and that is a ketone because the both R groups are alkyl now you could then look at something like this where we have two h's that is a aldehyde and this one is called formaldehyde and that's embalming fluid another aldehyde could look like this you see one of the groups is hydrogen one is alkyl that is also a aldehyde now when we look at our aldehydes and ketones you can see that both of them have a carbon double bonded to an oxygen you see that so that carbon double bond oxygen right there has a name that P that little piece and that's called a carbonyl and so we have a carbonyl in a aldehyde and a ketone what makes it a aldehyde or a ketone is dependent on what goes here hydrogen is going to be aldehyde two alkyl groups is going to be a ketone but both functional groups have a carbonyl carbonyls are simply just a carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom now you've got to be very careful though when you look at aldehydes because of we have a hydrogen directly bonded to a carbon so organic chemists don't need to show it well formaldehyde's a little tricky so formaldehyde we'll make that an exception but let's say this aldehyde right here this aldehyde right here could be drawn just like that that is an aldehyde and you know it's an aldehyde because there has to be that carb of that hydrogen right there that's not drawn so if I draw a molecule that looks like this and then just go like this what functional group do I have there well that molecule is a aldehyde because there's this Unwritten hydrogen right there so that is an aldehyde gotta be aware of that okay now what if I took this molecule and put a double bond over there now what do we have we have a ketone and you can see that this Ketone is symmetrical because there's three carbons there and three carbons there so that's a symmetrical ketone and so you can Envision a unsymmetrical ketone that looks something like that we have a methyl here ch3 and then an ethyl right there pretty slick okay so let's take a look at another compound that has a carbonyl in it but it's not a ketone or an aldehyde it is actually a carboxylic acid so let's take a look at a carboxylic acid carboxylic acid has a r group like that and the r group right here can be a hydrogen or alkyl and so that is a carboxylic acid now notice in the carboxylic acid it has a carbonyl so examples of carboxylic acids just replace the R Group with a hydrogen or an alkyl group and when you're doing alkyl groups they can be anything really so the sky's the limit so a quick example of a carboxylic acid could be something that looks like this we have two carbons for my R Group my carbonyl and then the o h and it's this o h that's directly attached to the carbonyl carbon makes this a carboxylic acid another functional group also with a carbonyl is something called a it's called an acyl chloride or a axar and acyl halide and an acyl halide has a general structure like this where the X right here can be any halogen typically the acyl halides that we typically see are going to be like chlorine bromine and iodine and so now it begs the question then what is an acyl group okay so let's just recap here what is this group right here called that's called the carbonyl that's supposed to be a y carbonyl but when this R group right here is alkyl let's redraw this here all right this piece right here we call that an acyl piece oh goodness so that is called an acyl group and that's when the R equals alkyl so we can have acyl chloride so if I say an asochloride an acyl chloride looks like this we would replace the X with one of the halogens the chlorine and then you could say hey well what is that R Group Well it the R Group could be anything alkyl all right we could tack on some carbons here just anything so that would be an acyl chloride but generally speaking this structure right here is called a acyl halide okay so let's take a look at another functional group called anhydrides foreign is a compound with a carbonyl but now what we do is you see how that right there is a carboxylic acid if you take that carboxylic acid and replace that hydrogen with something that's attached to a carbon and not only just a carbon but a carbonyl carbon so if you take two acyl groups and sandwich them between an oxygen atom that is called a anhydride and oftentimes textbooks will call it a acid anhydride so I I use both interchangeably and hydride or acid anhydride it doesn't really matter to me as long as you get that word right there and hydride correlates to that structure then you're going to be good to go okay so the r groups right here can be hydrogens or alkyl those alkyl groups if if you make these alkyl groups and they're exactly the same then you have a symmetrical anhydride if the two R groups are different from one another then they're going to be an unsymmetrical anhydride now let's take an R all right so what is this group right here I hope you're all saying carboxylic acid now what if I took that hydrogen and replaced it with a r group and this R Group has to be alkyl if it is alkyl then what we have made is a Ester don't confuse Esters with ethers an ether is this an ester has a carbonyl group now why is this so important to say that this this R right here all right that R right there so let's distinguish that so we will call that we will call this R1 okay R1 has to be alkyl because look at what happens if I put a hydrogen in for R1 what do I get it's no longer an ester it is the carboxylic acid so that is why R1 has to be alkyl okay but this R Group here on the left side this guy or this guy that can be a hydrogen if you'd like but typically you'll see them as alkyl groups but this one for sure has to be alkyl okay and so you would see what what would be an example of a Ester well you could have a methyl group something like that would be an ester you see right there that is a alkyl group so that makes that an ester now you can also have cyclic esters right so we could take a Ester and put it in a ring so you could take a ring like this okay so the way I drew this molecule right here what would the functional group be called what would you think what do you think that drawn there is a ether but the moment I put a carbonyl on it and that oxygens directly attached to the carbonyl and then directly attached to this oxygen is a carbon which is a alkyl group do you see how this structure right here fits or this structure right here fits that definition because this R group right there is that guy and then that R group right there is that guy so we have a cyclic Ester and cyclic Esters have another name they're called lactones so we have lactones are cyclic esters okay we have two more functional groups that I would like to talk about foreign familiar or similar to one another and can often lead to confusion but I'm hoping that you will pay close attention that you can see that there's going to be a difference here we have something called amines and amides you see how they're spelled differently okay but an amine is simply where you have a nitrogen atom all right connected to groups and these are groups right here can be hydrogens or alkyl groups and that is an amine amids are simply if you take a carboxylic acid and you replace that oxygen with a nitrogen and nitrogens have to have at least three bonds so you could have R groups like this and in this the r groups can be hydrogens or alkyl does you see the difference and the mean has no carbonyl carbon whereas an amide has the carbonyl group [Music] right there so you could have amides that look like this they could all be carbons or you could have any variation you could have two hydrogens or you could have all hydrogens each one of these structures right here is a amide now let's focus our attention on a means for a moment do you recall when we looked at alcohols we could have primary secondary and tertiary alcohols and you recall that it depended on how many carbons were attached to that carbon so that would be a primary that one would be a secondary and that would be a tertiary alcohol amines also can have a degree system so amines could be primary secondary tertiary and there's a fourth degree called quaternary but when you look at an amine okay that'll mean right there the protocol for determining the degree of this Amine is really really simple you count how many carbons are directly attached to the nitrogen atom so when we look at this amine right here how many carbons are directly attached one to see what I mean I hope you see what I mean by directly attached this carbon is bonded to this nitrogen this carbon right here at the very end is not directly bonded to the nitrogen that carbon is bonded to that carbon so this would be an example of a primary Amine what if I drew this guy what degree of amine is that how many carbons are directly attached to the mean or the nitrogen one so this is also a primary Amine but what if I changed it up a bit and let's put a carbon right there oh that that doesn't look good what let's do it let's draw it this way here [Music] okay what is the degree of this Amine well there's this carbon directly attached and that one two so that makes that a secondary Amine can you see what's going to happen here what type of mean is this well that that's a methyl not some methyl and that's a methyl so that's three carbons directly attached so that would be a tertiary Amine now you could have an amine with four groups attached all right and if if the four groups right there have carbon attached that would be a quaternary Amine now when a meat and a mean has four bonds and no lone pairs this guy is going to be have a formal charge of a plus one all these amines right here all have a lone pair like so and these oxygens have two lone pairs so we have primary means secondary tertiary and quaternary amines and the reason why this is so important is the same reason that we talked about with the degrees of alcohol so you need to be able to look at an amine calculate its degree and that will determine how it can react or if it can react at all the degree matters but the way we calculate the degrees of a means are slightly different than the way we calculate the degree with alcohols okay those are the functional groups that you need to know it is imperative that you know how these functional groups look and being able to look at a larger molecule and to pick out functional groups is a essential skill and then as we progress in the course we're we're going to learn the nomenclature of these functional groups we're going to learn how to name these alcohols and name these amines name these carboxylic acids right now we're just giving you the general name the general structures so you we can all be on the same page when I point to this we can all say hey that's an amine that's an alcohol but as we progress we are going to be like okay this alcohol is this and this is an alcohol but this one's ethanol and this is isopropyl alcohol so like there's a difference between them right so that's where we're going to stop for today and as always if you have any questions or concerns please feel feel free to reach out and we can discuss it