Overview
This lecture explains how scientists use different types of scientific models to study things that cannot be directly observed, such as atoms or the universe.
What Are Scientific Models?
- Scientific models are representations of ideas, processes, systems, or objects.
- Models help scientists explain, predict, or represent aspects of the natural world.
- Scientists use models to test ideas and understand phenomena that are not directly observable.
- Models can be drawings, physical replicas, computer simulations, or mathematical equations.
Types of Scientific Models
Physical Models
- Physical models are tangible, three-dimensional objects that represent real things.
- Examples: A globe (Earth), a skeleton model (human body), and a DNA model (structure of DNA).
- Used to visualize things too large, small, or inaccessible.
Conceptual Models
- Conceptual models use ideas, diagrams, or mental pictures to explain complex systems.
- They show how ideas or processes work instead of physical appearance.
- Examples: Particle model of matter, diagrams (e.g., water cycle), mind maps, and flowcharts.
Mathematical Models
- Mathematical models use equations, numbers, and symbols to describe patterns and predict outcomes.
- Built from observations, measurements, and scientific theories.
- Examples: Newton's second law (F = m × a), temperature conversion formulas, and speed = distance/time.
Computer Models
- Computer models simulate real-world systems using computer programs.
- Useful for studying complex, large, or dangerous scenarios.
- Examples: Weather simulations, atomic bonding animations, and space mission simulations.
Evaluating Models
- Models are tested repeatedly and must accurately explain or predict phenomena.
- Widely supported models are called consensus models (e.g., Big Bang Theory).
Key Terms & Definitions
- Scientific Model — a representation used to explain, predict, or describe aspects of the natural world.
- Physical Model — a tangible, three-dimensional representation of an object or system.
- Conceptual Model — a mental or diagrammatic explanation of a process or relationship.
- Mathematical Model — a way to describe systems using mathematical equations and symbols.
- Computer Model — a computerized simulation of real-world systems for analysis and prediction.
- Consensus Model — a scientific model widely accepted due to strong evidence and predictive power.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review and identify examples of each type of scientific model in your textbook or class materials.
- Practice drawing or describing a physical, conceptual, mathematical, and computer model for a familiar scientific concept.