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Explain the role of leukocytes in an inflammatory response.
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Neutrophils arrive first for phagocytosis, secrete IL-1 to cause fever, and macrophages assist in cleanup by phagocytosis and presenting fragments to T-cells.
Differentiate between cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity in the specific (adaptive) immunity system.
Cell-mediated immunity is handled by T-cells and targets specific antigens with specialized cells, while humoral immunity is handled by B-cells and also targets specific antigens.
How do helper T-cells contribute to the immune response?
Helper T-cells activate B-cells, leading to their proliferation into memory cells and plasma cells that produce antibodies, aiding in the specific immune response.
What is the function of IgG antibodies in the immune system?
IgG antibodies attach to bacteria enabling quicker elimination by T-killer cells and macrophages, neutralize bacterial toxins, and activate the complement system.
Detail the components and functions of the complement system in inflammation.
The complement system attracts leukocytes and aids in phagocytosis, and complement proteins help in inflammation by recruiting immune cells to the site of infection.
Explain the process of presenting bacterial fragments to T-cells by macrophages.
Macrophages present fragments of the bacteria to T-cells, activating a specific T-cell, which then proliferates, including Cytotoxic T-cells, Helper T-cells, Memory T-cells, and Suppressor T-cells.
Explain the roles of aspecific (innate) immunity in the immune system.
Aspecific immunity responds to all foreign bodies generically, includes physical barriers, phagocytic cells like macrophages and neutrophils, and chemicals like cytokines and the complement system.
In the immune system's response to inflammation, what causes increased blood flow to the affected area?
Vasodilation influenced by histamine and bradykinin causes increased blood flow to the inflammation site.
What are the main types of antibodies produced by the immune system?
The main types of antibodies are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.
Detail the roles of neutrophils in an inflammatory response.
Neutrophils arrive first for phagocytosis, aiding in the initial immune response to the infection at the site of inflammation.
What is the immune system's response mechanism to bacteria?
The immune system's white blood cells (leukocytes) tackle bacteria by isolating, inactivating, and removing them.
Discuss the outcome options when the immune system responds to bacteria.
The outcomes are either the body is overwhelmed by the bacteria or the immune system defeats it through immune responses.
Explain the concept of specific immune response in the immune system.
The specific immune response involves the proliferation of T-cells activated by bacteria fragments, leading to the activation of specific immune cells like Helper T-cells and B-cells.
How do phagocytic cells like macrophages and neutrophils contribute to the immune response against bacteria?
Phagocytic cells isolate, inactivate, and remove bacteria through processes like phagocytosis.
Describe the classical signs of inflammation and the roles they play.
The classical signs of inflammation are redness, heat, pain, swelling, and loss of function. They indicate increased blood flow, tissue response to injury, and immune activity.
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