Step four, we ultimately want to compare that P value we just found, that P value of 0.0044, which is pretty much zero, to my significance level, my significance level of 0.05. And again, what we want to do, what we want to do is ultimately compare these two values, meaning I literally want to ask the question: Is my P value either a bigger or smaller value? I have you guys help me with that. Is the P value in this case the bigger or smaller value when compared to the significance level? Yeah, it is smaller. It's smaller. It's smaller. So, what does it mean when your P value is smaller? Well, here's the crazy thing, guys. It's the exact same results. It is the exact same results that we learned in Section 8.2. Quite literally, guys, I cannot emphasize this enough. I'm gonna write it in your notes right now. This step four interpretation is literally exactly the same for all versions of hypothesis testing we're going to learn. So, literally, what we did in 8.2, I quite literally copied and pasted this from 8.2 because in 8.2, we learned that when your P value is smaller, much like what we have here in my APNEA question, we are then going to reject the null. Remember, when your P value is the smaller of the values, it means we reject the null. Why? Because P value represents how surprised we feel, and the smaller the P value, the more extreme, so more surprising this evidence is. And so, because of that, rejecting the null is the evidence we need. So, ultimately, rejecting the null is leading to the fact there is enough evidence. Rejecting the null is then leading to the fact that there is enough evidence. What I just wrote in orange, what I just highlighted here in orange, what I just wrote in this prompt is exactly the same results we did back in Section 8.2. It's going to be the same exact relationship we'll see throughout all of Chapter 9. Why? Because this is how all hypotheses testing are always going to end. And so, because the P value here is smaller, it means we reject the null, and there is enough evidence. And enough evidence of what? Well, my question, my question which is: Does caffeine therapy lower the rate of death and disability? Well, according to this study, there is enough evidence, evidence showing that this caffeine therapy lowered the rate of death and disability. Because Step Four is exactly the same for all versions of hypothesis test, I highly encourage you to put this chunk of Step Four, what do we do in orange and P is smaller, we reject the null, there is enough evidence, what do we do in green when P is bigger, we fail to reject an N, there is not enough evidence. I highly encourage you guys to write this on your note sheet because this will be the end of every problem of hypothesis testing.