Hi everyone, this is Fatima from my channel Dream Arts. So today we are going to talk about the chapter number of stats. That is collection of data. We have already done chapter number 1. Mean, mode, median, correlation, regression. We have completed all of these.
You will get the link in the description. Complete the stats around. One short is that we will complete the whole chapter. I will cover all the topics.
Plus, in the end, I will tell you important questions. How do questions are made from here? Let's start very carefully.
I will also tell you how to write things in the exam. How to represent? Let's start very carefully. First of all, intro. Whenever you have any question of theory, first of all you have to write the introduction.
You have to give an overview in it that what you have to write in this question, in this answer. Let's talk about the introduction. What is the introduction of collection of data?
It is saying that the data we are going to talk about is not qualitative data. It is not about short height or long height. How is it not of such qualitative data?
Here we will talk about numerical and quantitative data. So when the name of the chapter is collection of data, then in the introduction he told about data, that here we will be talking about quantitative data only. Let's see.
Data collection is in fact the most important aspect over statistical survey. We have read in stats that how important is data. Data also contains many things, mean, mode, median, whatever things are required.
Data is also happening, so data is very important thing. The term data is used in statistics means quantitative data. Here quantitative numbers are discussed. Quantitative means numbers are discussed.
Qualitative aspects like intelligence, honesty, good or bad has no significance in stats. There is no significance of such qualitative aspects in stats. Until and unless... unless these are assigned some figures if it is written that there is a number with intelligence if there is a number with honesty then it will have value but if we talk about qualitative then it has no value quantity should also be associated with quality then it becomes stats see what is written further next see quality expects when expressed numerically can be studied in stats if we tell someone's IQ level with full numbers that this is his IQ level, this is his IQ level then anyone with qualitative aspects, if any number is added, then it can be a stat otherwise not. So they are explaining that the collection of data is a chapter, what is data here?
Data means numbers are explained here. Okay, let's go next, you got to know this in the introduction. Let's go ahead, there are two types of data, we have a primary data. a secondary data. Let me give you an example of primary.
For example, I have to take a trip to my class. BBA is for first year students. So, I have to make a list of every child's name, role number, father's name, mother's name, parents'number, phone number. So, I have two ways. The first way is that I go to every child, ask them and make a list.
Second way is that I take all the data from the class teacher and note down. There are two ways either I go myself or I take the list from the one who made the first list and make a list. So this is primary data if I am putting efforts on myself, doing all the work on myself that is primary data.
But if I pick up a list made by myself, If I take a list of 50 students from that data, I am not asking the students myself. That is secondary data. When I take the help of a made-up data, it is secondary data. But when I go and bring information by myself, it is primary data.
Now we will read all the details of this, what is primary and secondary, how is there a difference in it, how is it found in primary and secondary, the whole chapter is the same. It is a super easy chapter, you will get the PDF as it is notes telegram channel, things will happen easily, just understand here. First is primary data, I said when I myself go and see everything, data collected by the investigator for his own.
This is all. on purpose for the first time. Means I myself have collected data for every child for my purpose. Because I have to take a trip, I should have information about every child.
So when I am collecting that data myself, from beginning to end is called primary data. It is collected from the source of region. I am not taking that data with the help of any teacher. If I myself have a child, data source of region.
Where I get that information, I am collecting that data. That is called primary data. I took this triple example, so that a lot of things will be clear.
So you don't have to write here, So, if I collect data from the source of region for my purpose, then it is called primary data. Next, the concerned investigator is the first person to collect this information. I have to take this information on the trip, I am collecting the phone number, parents'phone number, name of the children.
I am the first person to collect data for the trip. So, listen to the first person, look ahead. The primary data are therefore first. First hand information.
What is called as first hand information. So now what can be done is either ask you define primary data or define first hand information. These are all the things you have to write.
So remember two things. For my purpose, I am going and bringing that data myself. Second thing, I am going and bringing from source of origin.
This is called primary data. It means it is called primary data. So you have to put these two words properly.
What I said is clear. You don't have to take this pressure properly. I should learn everything from you. Keep in mind whatever words I tell you.
Write according to your language. Okay, next channel, primary data is clear. Now see, I understood from the trip example. Now understand how to write an example in the exam.
You can write the trip one too. But you have to write a little better level. The trip one was explained because you will be able to connect things quickly. But if you want to write in a better way, this is the same.
but the terms are changing. Look carefully. You may be interested in studying the socioeconomic status of those students studying in BBA first class who secured first division in their 12th examination.
What you want is to know the socioeconomic status of those students who are in BBA first year but they are in 12th class. First division in the class. Socio-economic status means who are their family members, what are their financial things going on, what is the financial position of that child, you have to know everything.
So how will you do it? In primary data. You collect information regarding their pocket allowance, how much is their pocket, how much is the family income, how much is the education status, you will know all this.
All this information would be termed as primary information or primary data. since you happen to be the first person to collect this information from the source of its origin you need all these things you are knowing it yourself who are in your family what is the financial status of everyone what is your pocket allowance you are asking all these things to that child see in 12th grade, all the children who have 1st division there will be few children you can go and ask them how, what things do you have to family members what is their pocket allowance whatever you want so when you are going and looking at those things from source of origin asking doing investigation they come into the primary data like I have found for trip phone number maagne wala example diya tha wo bhi aap example ke under likh sakte ho nahi to students ka socio economic status agar aapko chahiye unke paas jaha ke family members ka financial status sab kuch pooch rahe ho that will be also example of primary data dono me se koi bhi likh sakte ho easy hai ye bhi tk lekin isme jo words hai wo acche level ke dalenge aap easily kar sakte ho kare aage next clear ho gaya ye ye tha primary data do words yaad rakhne hai kaunse do words on purpose and source of origin. These two things have to be remembered.
Next is secondary data. We will get all this in a list. I will bring my own data from it.
Means suppose I have to make a list for the trip. So I went to the class teacher and said, give me your list, whatever you have, you keep the data of the children, give me that data. When I will make a data according to my data, it is called secondary data. I am not asking this to the child. Look, it is written here.
Secondary data are those which are already in existence. The list is already made. Which are already in existence and which have been collected.
For some other purpose, the teacher had collected the data, had made a list, it can be for some other purpose. For example, for medical reasons that you have to give a list there. Or for some other reason, you must have gone on the first trip, a list must have been made for that. The teacher had that list for some other reason.
I took it from that teacher for my own reason. Okay, look ahead. Then the answering of the question in hand, means why did I take the list now?
Because I have to make a list for the trip. So, using the first data, Now for any situation, it is called secondary data. Is this thing clear? Next, see. These data have already been collected by somebody else.
Someone else has collected it before. These are available in the form of published and unpublished reports. Published reports means that whatever data you wanted, it is published somewhere. You don't have to work hard in any newspaper or any report.
You picked up that newspaper, you picked up the report, you got the data. I don't know. Unpublished means that they have not declared that thing in their records. For example, it can be in office records. You have to go and get those records removed.
It is not published anywhere. You have to go to that office to get that data removed and say a little bit that I need data, you have to get it removed. That is unpublished.
published. You have to go to office or somewhere and get it published. Look ahead.
They are called second hand data. For example, look carefully. That is data relating to Indian Railways. If you want any data from Indian Railways, which are annually published.
Who publishes annually? Railway board. Railway boards publish the data related to Indian Railways every year. They give a form in the report form. Would be secondary data for any researcher who wants to use any data related to Indian Railways.
Maybe how to bring improvement. For any reason, if he wants to use the data of Indian Railways, then if he uses this data which is given by the Indian Railway Board, then for him this data is like secondary data. because he didn't see things by himself, a board gave it, he can work on its improvement by taking that data, he can work on anything.
So here the report of this will be done for this researcher, it will work on secondary data, this thing is clear. It's not difficult, keep doing things very easily. Next, what we saw now is secondary data. Next is distinction between primary and secondary.
It comes that what is the difference between primary data and secondary data. Understand this very easily. There is no such difference between primary data and secondary data.
Data is data, you will work on it, there is no problem. But the main difference is You go and find the primary data yourself, in the secondary data, you make the data suitable for you by adjusting it in the things you find. That's the difference.
Data is going to remain data, we are going to work anyway, but the basis on which that data is collected is the difference. Okay, let's see, there are mainly three differences. Difference in originality, there is a difference in originality, absolutely.
The thing you are bringing yourself, you are looking for things yourself, you know that it is original, now someone is bringing it by searching, you don't have any surety difference in suitability of the objectives now you are searching for data for yourself you don't have to adjust in it so your objective means the one you are searching for it will suit it easily you will get data without any adjustment if you primary basis Now we will read all the details I will tell you things easily Difference in cost of collection It takes a lot of time to find in primary data Every child has to ask one thing Every person has to ask one thing So here it is written Cost of collection Here it is written time is more Here cost is not only from money It is done time wise, efforts wise In primary, you take more efforts, it takes more time as compared to secondary. I will tell you all these things in detail, don't worry. Look, first what is difference in originality, look at the same thing. I will go and ask every child for their number, father's name, all these things. So I will have surety, there is no mistake in this, everything is original, there will be no confusion in this.
So I will have surety, but here I will take the data of secondary, there will be a little doubt in my mind. So the first is difference in originality. Primary data are original because these are collected by the investigator from the source of their origin. What happened? Look carefully.
Again, the same thing is coming, that the thing picked up from the source of origin, the thing picked up by itself, so he believes more that it will be original. Primary data are used as raw material. Raw material means I brought some data, if I want to use it somehow, for example, I brought the father's name, mother's name, phone number, all these things.
Subtitles by the Amara.org community Now I will make a list according to the raw material and keep all the things according to me. See what is the secondary data? In existence and therefore are not original. It is in the first existence, I don't know who has brought that data so well, I have no surety.
Did he do a good investigation or not? For example, I am taking the data of a teacher, please give me the numbers of the children, I will note it down. Did that teacher note that number well?
Did you make any mistake? Did you write the number of one child before the other? I am not sure, right?
So the originality of the secondary data is less as compared to Primary data, look ahead, secondary data are finished products. Finished products means that they are already giving me limited information. Now there is not this, there are many things in the row, keep it useful, if it is not, then use your accordingly. Later we thought that we can pick up more things from the row, it can happen, right?
But finished products are already limited, we will have to adjust in it, how we want things, we cannot add any extra. So what is this? work like finished products. The first difference will be that I will make you learn things in the same class and listen to things properly. That is originality.
You will be able to write in your own language in the exam. Next is the difference in suitability of objective. See, I have brought all the data for my work on my own will. Whatever I want, There is no need for any adjustment. But if I pick up someone's data, I have to make adjustments.
For example, the name is a roll number in his list. Father's name, mother's name, then phone numbers are written. I need the first phone numbers, mother, father, name, father, whatever.
Means I have to make adjustments if I pick up someone else's data. Understood? So, it is written that primary data are always related to a specific objective of the investigator. That if I am going for any purpose, then I will make a list according to that, I will work according to that.
So, I am going with a specific objective. These data therefore, do not need any adjustment. No adjustment is required.
I will ask what I want, rather I will ask extra, later I can do whatever I want. For the concerned study. Next, see.
Secondary data have already been collected for some other purpose. Some other teacher must have taken all the data of the students for some other reason. But now I want it on the basis of trip. For trip. Therefore, this data need to be adjusted to suit the objective of the study in hand.
For example, teacher had taken all the data of the students. In that, parents had taken phone number. So, I will take half the data from teacher. Then for phone numbers, I will ask someone to click from their class.
Whatever. What I got? I got full... I have to make adjustments in it that I have to call the children again for the phone number. So it means we never get full data, we have to make adjustments in it.
This is full flash. If I go and ask the children myself, I will ask all the things in the first time, which I want in the list. That is, there is no need for adjustment in this, adjustment is required in the secondary.
Is this thing clear? Next, see the third difference, last difference in cost of collection. It will take a lot of time. I will go to every child, I will ask 5 things in every thing, every one is taking 1 minute, every child is taking 5 minutes, it is very time consuming.
This is easy, I took a teacher's list, there is not even one other thing, I will ask the children later, then this is not time consuming. In this, efforts are more in primary, efforts are less in secondary. I will clear a lot of things with triple example.
Okay, see what is there? Primary data are costlier in terms of time, money and efforts. Time also takes more, why is money said? If I go there myself, I will ask them why money has been mentioned Money does not mean that it is always about money, it means that I will take more time, I will have to put more efforts, I will have to make the list again and again, so time money efforts are being written together here.
Here I have taken the name of a list, there can be many more things, for example, the government is doing a survey and every person is going to ask things, someone is in this city, someone is in that city, so I will go to this city, I will go to that city, so that money wise also becomes costly for us. So time money and whenever we write time money, first will be collected in the whole chapter. I have taken a trip example here, there will be examples related to government also.
Next look, involved in the secondary data. This is because primary data simply collected for the first time from their source of region. Because for the first time they are collecting more things so everything gets expensive. Secondary data simply collected from the published or unpublished source. Ma'am give me the list, time is also left, everything is left.
For example, I need a list for a trip, so it is difficult to go near every child, but the teacher says that give a list, that will be easy. So, he is saying that you can pick up data from published and unpublished sources. Accordingly, these are much less expensive. For example, the government is also doing a survey. It will be costly to go and find out everything in every city, time wise, efforts wise, money wise.
But someone should pick up data from there, that means someone has already made data of the city that such things happen in Ambala. So, what will you do? Take that data from it, it will be better, time will be saved, money will be saved, efforts will be saved. So, the data that you have to take and work with it, that is secondary. But you have to go to every house in the city and find out those things, that will be costly for us.
So, take this secondary data, it is easy, someone has to take the data in existence, which is already there. So, what do we have? It is costly and it is less costly.
Next is methods of collection of primary data. Introduction till now, there are two types of data, primary data and secondary data. We did definitions of primary data and secondary data and then made a difference between them.
As I am saying these points, if these points are on your tips, then the chapter is over. That first we did this, then this is the third, whatever question comes in the paper, I will write whatever is needed. Look, methods of collection of primary data.
How do you collect? You have to go and collect things yourself. But how do you collect?
Now this is not that we will go to every person's house. There are many ways in this. Maybe I will keep my assistant ahead.
Go and find out these things. So that is also primary. That every one is going to someone's house and asking that thing. So there are many ways to collect primary data. Let's see the first way.
See how many ways. We have five ways. First is direct personal investigation, indirect, information from this, mailed questionnaires, schedules, all these things will be read easily.
First, get water from Ram, understand things well. If you understand well here, you will write things easily in the exam. Don't take pressure to learn, these things will be clear.
First, direct personal investigation. investigation the answer a good direct personal nom he but are a good job a match is a pushy me to see conifers Emily I don't know the higher a good checkup for number father name mother name to me her a good checkup ask could John G who's to sign information on G no don't go to garage on me that is not a penny class me what peace I don't know what I'm a good job give her a person say bad career direct personal investigation in this method data collected personally by the investigator I need the names of the children, phone numbers of the children so I will go myself, I became an investigator There is face to face contact with the person from whom the information is to be obtained I will go to every child, I will talk to him so there is going to be face to face conversation Next look Data are collected by asking questions relating to the inquiry to the informants Informants means the person from whom we need information In this case, in this case, the child is Because he will give me information and I am an investigator. So whoever wants information, he is an investigator.
Who wants to give information, he is an informant. So we will talk face to face, ask questions, direct person investigation. Suitability means where we can use it. We have five methods.
So when to use this method for data collection? First look, the field of investigation is limited. If I have to write the phone number of 500 children, father's name, mother's name, not even 500, write 1000, then I will not follow this method. Right? This method is followed when I talk to limited people, limited information, information of limited people is required.
So when you have a field of investigation that is limited, then only methods are used. Second look, A greater degree of originality of the data is required. You are determined that you want so much original data. There can be no mistake in between. Then you go and ask things yourself.
When you want a lot of originality, then this method is used. Information is to be kept secret. You don't want to share with anyone.
There are many things to collect primary data. I can keep a system, I can give you a form. You can collect primary data from many things. What does primary data mean? It means information that I know.
You can talk to them through form, through assistant. You don't have to collect data from anyone. You have to collect it yourself, as you wish. By giving a form, by sending it to someone, by sending it to an assistant, however. But if I want to keep this information secret, I don't want to share it with anyone, then this face-to-face method is used.
Next look, investigation needs a lot of expertise. Care and devotion, you think that this cannot work with carelessness, you have to take the investigation very seriously, you have to do it with a lot of care, then you use this method. So, if the method is clear, then you will understand that you do not have to share secrets with anyone, there are only a few children, then I can apply this method. So, in this way, you will learn things in the class, do not put a rata, do not cram, understand and do things. So we will do suitability in each one.
We have to do 5 methods. Every method is like this. Where does suitability apply?
Where will we use the method? Its merits and demerits. We will do 5 of these 5 methods. First method is clear. Its suitability is clear.
Next look, we will do merits in this. What are its merits? First originality.
When you are looking at things yourself, then the data will be original. Accuracy, again the same thing, I am checking everything myself, I am noting myself, talking face to face, so it is accurate data. Reliable, I don't need to doubt anything, I can easily believe things on it, it is reliable. Uniformity, it will be the same data, like I have to make a list, in that serial number, role number, name, father name, mother name, his phone number, child's, then parents, all this is the same.
I will bring the same data, not that I skipped one father name, one phone number, no. Uniformity, if I am bringing data from different people, it will be the same data, that is, time, if I ask for his name, then I will also ask for the name of the next child, I will not ask for the roll number, so uniformity remains in the data. Next is other information, for example, I thought that this child has some disease related to something, that is, there are any medical conditions, so I will also ask him for his medicine, so that if there is any problem on the trip, then I mother somebody medications like the information that I face to face not career so situation key according to the questions of say back or information be nickel was active Flexible means that I have decided some questions that I have to ask mother's name, father's name, all these things. But I saw that the child has medical conditions, so what did I do?
I asked about medicine. Means I can change my questions, I can make it flexible. Flexible means that no one asks these 6 questions, I can increase one more medication. This is all written here. See what is written.
Data have a high degree of fragility because I am bringing it myself. Data are fairly accurate. When personally collected, it will be accurate.
Because the information is collected by the investigator himself, the same information will come in the same language. There is a fair degree of uniformity. We can bring more information here. This method is fairly flexible because the investigator can always make necessary adjustments in the set of questions.
As I said that I can ask about his medicines also. So he can adjust in his questions as required. So this face to face is also flexible. Pause here for 2 minutes. Quickly.
Okay. And close your eyes and start saying these merits once. Okay merits.
Originality. It can be further or backward. It was accurate. Okay, okay.
You can take extra information. The information is fine. Next, there was a flexible one.
Okay. Say it in mind like this. Then you pose. Once you say everything, then come forward.
If someone is left alone, then close your eyes again and say. Everything will sit in the mind in the current class. I am telling the truth. And don't put a veil. If you have a face-to-face conversation, then these things will definitely happen.
Okay. Let's go next. Okay, there are merits.
There will also be demerits. There are merits. The merits are not proper for wide areas.
I told you that if I want data of 1000 students, then I can't talk face to face with 1000 students. For example, take this, if I want to meet all of you, I want data of each one, that which BBA, which SMA, which course is BCA, BCOM doing, then which university is it in, if I talk to each student, that will be difficult. So if there are wide areas here, then talking face to face directly, and it becomes difficult to get face to face information. So, it is written that direct personal investigation becomes very difficult when the area of the study is very wide.
Next is personal bias. Personal bias can also be there. For example, I am a class teacher of class 11th. Okay, no problem.
I am making results. When I was making the results, I realized that only half of the number of students are failing. Only half of the number of students are failing in 4-5 subjects.
I am saying that my class result is getting spoiled. So I will try to increase it by half and the teacher will say please increase this half number or I will say I have rounded off half So that so many students do not see the fail of my class and my class reputation will be down and I have to show the result ahead. So I will increase that half number by myself by rounding off.
So I collected data from personal bias here. There were 32.5 but I made it 33 by round off so that so many students get cleared. In data, I did 32.5 or 33. My personal was that the result of my class was good, that means at least so many students didn't fail.
So when we collect data ourselves, there is also personal bias. Next is costly, it takes a lot of time, it takes a lot of effort, so what is this? costly wrong conclusions b host in this method area of investigation is generally small the results are therefore hamise wrong conclusion b nika example example samjhari cheeze apke mind me bette ni apko to me face to face baat ho rin wrong conclusion ki kya baat hai for example meri class me 100 bachche mai triple leke zaare ho 100 bachche 50% of kids are ready for the trip. No problem, that's good.
What I will say is that 50% of kids are ready for the trip. all the students are not ready. This is the wrong conclusion. What if only 50 students from this class are ready?
If there is another class, then only 70% of the students are ready. So, on the basis of one class, I cannot say that only 50% of the students are ready for the trip and not for every class. So, when there is a personal investigation here, then it is happening in a small area, it is not happening in a big area. So, according to that small area, the conclusion we draw, it may be the wrong conclusion. This is written here.
Look, in this method, the area of investigation generally small. The results are therefore less representative. This may lead to wrong conclusion. Because our area is small, so if we take out the conclusion of that small area, it will be wrong.
So in primary data, many times in this method, wrong conclusion is also found. So the first thing we did was direct investigation. When we collect primary data, its definition, its suitability, merits and demerits.
You will get this personal bias in demerits every time. Keep this in mind. Most of the time, in 4 out of 5 formulas, you will get this personal bias point in 4 methods. You will get the accuracy point.
There are many points, they must be the same. I will keep telling you. Remember these bias points in demerits. It will be useful in the future too.
Next, see which is the second method? Indirect Indirect oral investigation can't be done directly. Indirect investigation is done.
For example, someone is murdered. Now, the person who was murdered, now investigation is done, how it happened, what happened. So, can we talk to the person who was murdered? No, we can't.
Second thing, now no one will come and say directly that I have murdered. You can't say directly that you have murdered. All these things will be asked from his neighbor, his friend.
Indirect, the person who was murdered, the person who did it, it's not directly, it's indirect. Oral investigation is done by asking and not getting written. In future, we will get written also that fill the form and then give us information. So, this is indirect oral, there is no written.
oral investigation in this example, what will come? murder case will come, see what they are saying in this method the investigator taste the information not from those person for whom the information is needed Now the person who has been murdered, we can't ask him who has been murdered or we can't ask the people around him that I have been murdered So we can't ask him directly about the person we need information about If we can't ask him directly then this is an indirect method used Information is collected orally from other persons who are expected to possess the necessary information If someone has been murdered So, we ask his friends that at what time he came from college, from school, from job, from people around him. From whom we hope that he must know about this person. Information is collected from him, not from direct person.
Look ahead, these other persons are known as witnesses. These other persons are called witnesses. The investigation is usually adopted in those cases where information through direct source is not possible.
or less reliable or we can't ask him listen to me carefully we can't ask the person who was murdered or the person who murdered the person nearby he won't tell us directly so we have to do investigation in indirect way from the people around us so it is written we can't ask through direct source is not possible when this method is used either we can't ask things through direct source or we don't have direct trust on their words not much trust, you have to ask people from behind and confirm things, that is an indirect investigation. For example, look here, understand many things, this murder has only put an example. What is he saying, look, he says in case of murder is to be investigated, it would be quite impossible to know the facts by contacting the person directly who are involved in it.
We can't directly ask about the person who committed the murder or the person involved in it. Next, what is written here? Next is that in such a case, information is obtained from the third person such as friends, neighbours, etc.
This can also be done. Any friend, neighbour can commit any murder. But we can directly ask him whether he committed the murder or not. We start collecting information in an indirect way, in an oral way, then we slowly reach the conclusion.
So this is in indirect oral investigation. This thing is clear, when we can't talk directly to that person or it is not reliable to talk directly to him. Someone said that I didn't murder, so we will not accept it, it is not a reliable thing. So when I come to that person, I can't talk directly to the person about whom I need information.
Gafir we don't trust him about which information we need then we use indirect method we also confirm things with people around us ok next see what is in this next is suitability when it is used investigation is large when investigation is going on at large level someone is murdered or something happened so whenever you are means any investigation team sits here so when investigation is at large level may be you have to go to another city for investigation when investigation is at large level you can go to another city then this method is used. It is not possible to have direct contact with the concerned informants. When this method is used?
When you can't have direct contact with the person you need information about. It is not possible to have direct contact with him. Then you have to do indirect method.
What is concerned informants? If you can't have direct contact with the person you need information about, then this method is used. When is the third method used?
The concerned informants are not capable of giving information because of their ignorance I know that this person has murdered but he will not tell me that I have murdered. If this person does not want to give me complete information about himself, then I will use this indirect method. I will get to know from people around him. Then I will know that this particular person has murdered.
The concerned informants are not capable of giving information. They do not want to give because they are ignorant. They do not want to give or give. They do not want to tell any information about themselves that I have murdered.
I will gather things from people and tell you this is not done inquiry committee and commission appointed by the government generally adopted this method Inquiry committee or commission whoever the government appoints they use this method this method is used in 4 places now let's see its merits merits are wider area it doesn't work on small area it works on big area so this is its merit this method can be applied even when the field of investigation is very wide from one city to another city means wherever the city is going if the area of investigation is wide then this method can be used let's go It means that it is taking more time and cost to get to the place. I am feeling efforts but I don't want to talk to each person. If someone is murdered, then there are 500 people there.
No, I don't want to talk to 500 people. I want to link with the neighbors around me and move forward. I want to move forward with a strategy. I want to do oral investigation. Because it is less costly.
If there is a return, it will take more time. I will have to go to more people. There will be an educated person there.
We will read things further. This is less costly. You will understand things further. Next, look at the expert. Expert opinion, I said that I will not be talking to 500 people, no, what I will do there is that he told this, I will link it to the next person, I will link it to the next person, that is, it will be working with expert opinion.
Using this method, an investigator can seek opinion of the experts. and thereby make his information more reliable. We don't have to talk to everyone, we have to talk to connected people. So, we talk to experts, what is the link with whom, I can reach a good conclusion.
So, we are getting expert opinion here, who gets this investigation. Now, investigation is not so easy, you have to read every detail of it, you have to understand every detail, then here the expert opinion will also come to the point. Next, see, So free from bias, now if there is an investigation, someone has to find me, for example, take a murder case, who murdered me, I am asking the people around me, I have no benefit or loss in this, so free from bias, I will note the things that I will tell you and will reach a conclusion. Next is simple, no calculation has to be done, there is no such big or big work, the things that are being told easily, the things that are being linked, working with the help of expertise, this is a simple method through which data is collected. on the basis of what they are telling and they are linked smartly.
Next is demerit. Now there will be losses, there are definitely less accurate. Why is it less accurate?
The data collected by this method are relatively less accurate. This is because the information is obtained from persons other than the concerned informants who were murdered or who murdered. Apart from that, I am I am talking to people around me.
They can tell me wrong things, they can tell me right things, it depends. Accuracy is not being discussed. So this is a less accurate method. Next is bias.
Now you will say, what was written here? Free from bias. This method is relatively free from the personal bias of the investigator. Bias is not from the investigator's side.
If I am doing any investigation, There is no bias from my side. Then why is it biased? Understand carefully. There is a possibility of personal bias of the witness giving information. There is no bias from my side.
Investigator is not biased. What difference does it make to me? I have to reach a conclusion. I have to collect information and go to the answer.
Okay. From whom can bias be? that the person who is giving me information can give wrong information or can give information for his benefit maybe the person who has murdered me, I am talking to him but he has told me all wrong things so these things can be biased not from the side of the investigator it was written here that is free from bias investigator can't be biased but the witness can be biased so here it is talked about biased witness next is wrong conclusion when someone will tell us something wrong then we can reach a wrong conclusion as well. This method may lead to doubtful conclusion due to ignorance and carelessness of the witness.
If the witness didn't tell the right thing, then I can reach a wrong conclusion. So, remember that informant is not talking directly, people are talking, so there can't be accuracy, conclusion can be wrong and there can be bias. All three are done.
If you will remember these points through story one by one, So, we have done two points in which we were talking about direct investigation and second we were talking about indirect oral investigation. Are these points good? Let's move ahead.
Next third is information from local sources or correspondence. Now tell me one thing, whatever news is in a newspaper, it is a data, right? You may say that Ma'am, it was not about numbers. So, let's talk about them, the portion of numbers, that stats are told, gold is told, share market is told, stock market is told. Some portions are of stock, some portions are of stats.
So, what do they do? Do they go and read the head of the newspaper themselves? No, they came ahead and There are persons and assistants who will bring the news of this area and that area. That is primary data because we are not using the data made by anyone.
I have kept the assistant who is bringing the data. That comes inside it. See how information from local sources and correspondence, whether information is received from local sources or the person I have kept ahead. they are bringing the information and they come under this. In this method, the investigator appoints local agents.
Like I am an investigator, I have appointed local agents. See, and correspondence in different places to collect the information. People leave their places and bring information from here and there.
These correspondence collect their information in their own way and send the same to the central office. Central office's... From where the main work is done, bring all the information and give it to the main office. Where the data are processed, the data will be processed there. Newspaper agencies generally adopt this method.
Newspaper agencies adopt this method. If you want to keep them in mind, remember the example. Second one is to remember the murder case. First one is to remember the socio-economic status of the student. Third one is to remember the newspaper.
If you remember these words one by one, then you will remember the whole explanation. If you remember the newspaper, that the agents keep in front of them, put the same explanation in it. This method is also adopted by various government departments where regular information is to be collected from a wide area. If I want regular information, see newspaper needs information daily, government agencies need information daily, where regular information is needed, there one person cannot roam the whole place, he keeps his correspondence ahead, then he will tell the same thing, he keeps people ahead, he keeps local agents, so that is also primary data, that every person is bringing information. I can't go alone, I have kept a person in front of me that they will bring.
So who gets that information? Information from local sources and correspondents. Is it clear?
It is definitely primary data that they are bringing it themselves, not taking anyone's data. When is the suitability? When is the method used?
Accuracy of the data is only modestly needed. What does it mean by modestly? It means normal. Accuracy is needed to be normal.
There is nothing like this. You can use it if you want normal accuracy. Regular and continuous information are needed.
If you want regular and continuous information, you can use this method if you want it on a regular basis. You can't go everywhere. You can use this method.
The area of investigation is large. Now, where is the news on the news paper? When the video is on the news paper, investigation large hota hai, ye method use ho raha hota hai. The information is to be used by journals, magazines, journals, magazines, newspapers mein ye information agar use ho nahi ho, to ye method use ho raha hota hai. Clear hai cheez, pakka hai, four jagat use hota hai, wider area jaha par ho, newspapers ki baat ho raha ho, accuracy zyada nahi chahiye ho, matlao accuracy zyada nahi chahiye, aise ab mind me cheeze rak sakta hai.
Next, what are its merits? What are its benefits? Number one, it is economical. It is absolutely economical. Time will be saved, efforts will be saved.
1% does not have to go everywhere. This method is quite economical in terms of time, money and effort. All three will come together whenever they come. Now how will it come on the basis of money?
When we go to the newspaper, how much profit do we get? From those profits, these agents have to give money to them. So we are getting good money wise.
Effort is not of 1% but of different person. It is not like a button on a child, there is no time left, so many people are getting information in a day. So time is saved, more information is being gathered in less time, so this is economical. We are able to work on a wide area. Continuity, those who want regular information, this method is being used there.
Investigator, look carefully, can cover a wider area. The correspondents keep on supplying almost regular information. Those who want regular information will use this method.
merits me a table suitable for special purpose of a special purpose ke liye muze information chahiye tabiye suitable dekho dhyan sabjo jaha pe bhi aapko regular you will need different data anywhere, this method will support you there, this is its merit, for example, you need an index number of any thing, agriculture, anywhere, then you will have to bring data from different different grain markets, today's rate, what was the rate yesterday, what was the rate today, whatever, you need this whole data on a regular basis, so whenever the requirement of a regular basis is there for any main purpose, for a different purpose, it will be useful to you there, this is its merit, understand carefully, see what it is saying, It is written that price quotations from the different grain markets for the construction of index number of agriculture prices. If you want the index number of agriculture prices, then you will need prices on a regular basis from different grain markets. This is its merit. This is a special purpose to make an index number.
There, for these special purposes, like making an index number, anything, there can be many other purposes. This method works there and this is its merit. If you want data on a regular basis, then you can do it there.
This method will work. Okay, let's move on. Next, what are demerits?
Less originality because many people are working. Now, anyone can make a mistake, so this method is less original. Because face to face, everyone is talking, that means I should scold.
I am keeping the correspondence ahead. How is everyone's training? How does someone work? How good does he work seriously? It depends, right?
So its accuracy is less. In this method, there is less originality. Investigation depends more on estimation rather than actual enumeration. So, here it is written that every person does investigation according to his own.
He will see his own questions and everything according to his own perspective. So, everything depends there. Enumeration is called calculation. It cannot work in a calculated way. Every person is different.
Information is going to be brought in different ways. So it means originality gets reduced here. Things are going on estimation. Every person has a different way of estimating everything. Lack of uniformity because every person again the same thing, different person will work in their own way.
So here lack of uniformity is going to be there. There is a lack of this data. This is because data is collected by different persons. What is next?
personal bias, see the bias point comes most of the time, personal bias will come in 5 out of 4, here different persons are working, so biasness can happen, this method suffers from the personal bias of the correspondence, that the assistants we have kept ahead, on their bias, that is, depending on our data also depends. Less accurate is not accurate. Again the same thing, different different persons are working, everyone has a different way of working. So here, on what did demerits come? Different persons are working, it will not be accurate, it will not be original, it will not be biased, all these things are written here.
The data collected by this method are not very accurate. Every newspaper that is published, It is not completely accurate. So these things are written here. So if I want to remember its demerits, then I will remember what different persons can do wrong. Yes, they will not be original, accuracy can also be wrong, uniformity can also not be wrong.
I will keep all these things in mind. Next, see the fourth one. Fourth is mailed questionery method. Mailed means we are going to send something to them. Questionery means a form of questions in which questions will be written and further and left space for answers.
Is the method clear? We are going to send them a form, write a question, and left space for answers. We are going to collect data in this way.
I sent you the form, what do you want to do next chapter, which course are you doing, all these things. It is primary data, because I did not pick up data from anyone, I am talking to you directly. But how did I talk?
I talked through a form, that is mailed questionnaire. method in this method a list of questions relating to the survey which I have to ask you I will put those questions in it is prepared and sent to the informants to whom I need information I will send them by post it will be sent through post I will send you here on telegram or I will put it in community here it will be talking by post the questionnaire contains questions and provides the space for answers there will be questions written and space will be given for answers Now covering letter, now it is not that I have sent them a question, no, I tell you along with that what is in this, that you have to answer, according to that I will do a chapter, I tell you all these things. So when this post will go out, these things will also be mentioned that you have to fill this form, fill it and return it, all these things will be taken. Now covering letter is addressed to the informant. explaining the objective survey First of all, this will be told to that letter Not only by post, but also in that letter, this will be told that why this survey is being done and making a request to fill up the questionnaire Then it will be requested that you please fill this form Write the answer in front of the questionnaire questions and send it back within a specified time That is, you can send it at any time within 15 days or 10 days and send it back to them.
It is assured that the information would be kept secret and we will assure them that whatever you are telling us we will not share it with anyone else this will be kept secret. A form is made in this method along with this it is told that why you made this form and why the survey is being done you will tell that. Secondly, whatever information we are going to keep secret Thirdly, how long you have to return this form to me we will be telling all these things in that form by This form will go to the post people.
Next see, the informants write the answers against the questions and return the completed questions to the investigator. He will write all the answers and return the form to them. When can this method be used?
The area of the study is very wide. If there is a lot of area, suppose I have to do it in a whole city, then by address I will send a letter to everyone's house, then the method is used only when there is a wide area. When the informants are educated, the person who is not educated will not be able to read the form, will not be able to read the instructions, will not be able to read the form, then this method cannot be used.
So this method is used when there is a wide area and when our informant is educated. Next, what are we going to see now? We are going to see the merits. It is economical, our efforts are taking less, our time is taking less, just send it. How much money will it take to send it?
Do you understand this thing? This method is economical in terms of time, money and efforts involved. It is original because that person is giving his information.
So we can assume that there is originality in this. This method is original and therefore fairly reliable. This is because the information is supplied by the concerned persons themselves. Because the person is giving information himself, so it must be right.
Wider area, on many big areas where we can't take information by ourselves, this form will help us a lot. Next, see what are demerits? See, an educated person can fill only, right? So, this is the demerit that only the educated person can work on this form. So, where is it written?
Here, look at the point of limited use. That is, this method is limited use. In this questionnaire, answers can be done only by the educated informants. It is not for the uneducated. So, this is limited use.
Second is, lack of interest. You have a form, will you fill it? Who will read it?
Who will write it? People don't get any interest when they are sent a form to fill it. So generally the informants do not take interest in the questionnaire and fail to return the questionnaire. That is, when they don't get any interest, they will not fill that form, then how will they send it back?
Those who return often send it to Incomplete answers Means whoever sends You know 10 questions have given 5 answers 5 answers not a complete 2 Either some people do not send and do not get interest Some people send by writing half answers Or they do not write the answer of some questions That is lack of interest Lack of flexibility The number of questions is 10 to 10, the answer has to be given The question cannot be changed We cannot ask anything extra So here flexibility does not happen This method lacks flexibility In the sense that when the questions are not properly replied these cannot be changed to obtain the required information for example a question Let's move on to the biased information. The person should not tell us his or her information. We will not say tell me the right information. We don't know whether the person is telling the right information or not.
So if the informants are biased, the information will also be biased. If the information that is being told to us is biased, then the information data that will be collected will also be biased. Next, see less security. Why can there be less security? Because we have made questions.
If some questions are not understood properly by the person in front or he is difficult to answer, then we cannot attain accuracy there. It depends on the questions and also depends on the answer given by the person in front. So it is written here, how did it move, let's correct it. Let's correct it, then let's see what is written.
The conclusions based on such investigations have only limited accuracy. There is limited accuracy, you can't make the conclusions right. You don't know about the informant, he told you the right things or not.
Look ahead, this is because some questions may be difficult. and accurate answers may not be possible. We can't make a conclusion on the basis of that data because I don't know what data he told me, the answers he told me, whether they are accurate or not. What if he is feeling difficult, he is not able to understand things, he did not give accurate answers. I had sent the question, he wrote whatever he wanted in his mind, he understood as much as he understood, he wrote it accordingly, then accuracy cannot be attained here.
Is this thing clear? Okay, then let's move ahead. Now, last fifth is that is schedules filled through enumerators. So, till now, So, what we are doing is, how can we collect primary data? We are doing 5 methods of that.
The first method is that we talk directly face to face. Second, we will collect data indirectly and orally. Third, we will talk to local bodies, keep correspondence and get the work done.
Fourth, we will do the mail questionnaire. That okay, how will we mail things? They will send us back on their own by filling the form. Fifth, we will make the form, we will mail them, we will keep a person who will take the form with them. The form will not be kept in his hand, he will ask things from them and he will mark things in that form himself.
This is also a way to collect primary data. The form will be made in this too, but I will keep the person ahead that you take the form and go to that person, with whom you need information, ask him whatever information you want and mark things with you or note down. Schedules filled through enumerators. Here the form of questions is filled.
Fill enumerators means who are the enumerators? Who are the people who are ahead of the investigators, who are trained, who will be able to fill the form ahead. By asking other things, they are enumerators. Now see, in this method a questionnaire is prepared. Okay, questions will be prepared as per the purpose of inquiry.
Okay, the enumerator himself, a person himself will approach the informant. with the questionery question. The questionaries which are filled by the enumerator.
The person who will fill the information, will fill the enumerator by asking him. By the enumerators themselves, by putting questions are called schedules. Now say schedules, you can say whatever you want. Okay, both are fine.
So what is here? What are the schedules? What are the, understand very carefully. What did I do?
I kept 3-4 questions ahead. I got the list of questions. I sent it to you. I told you to note down the child's father name, mother name, child's name, phone number, etc.
So, the child went to you, that is my assistant, that is the enumerator. Second thing, he will take a questionnaire, he will take a set of questions with you. He will mark the questions himself, he will ask you the questions. So, the one who will mark and write things by asking you questions, is called Schedules. You understand carefully, Schedule means the one who will mark the enumerator by asking you questions.
Filled through enumerator, that's why it is called Schedules filled through enumerator. Questionary means only question set, but if the enumerator is writing things by asking you questions, they become Schedules. Okay, next. are those persons who help the investigator in collecting the data. The enumerators are given that training.
to fill the schedules and put the questions intelligently in the interest of accuracy of the information. If I have questions, then asking you properly is also the job of an enumerator. I have trained the enumerator that how he will talk to you, how he will ask you those things properly.
So, these things are also trained which helps the investigator, a person. He is given complete training on how to ask questions, how to mark things on it. He is called an enumerator. Okay, so we filled through the schedules. Enumerators, you should understand these things so well that the name is clear and the whole concept is clear.
Where does this happen? When we have large investigations, if I keep it in front, it means that the area of investigation is large. The investigation needs specialized and skilled investigators.
You think that in this investigation, I can't let anyone do the investigation. I want a skilled person. I want a good person, a fully trained person. Then you use this method.
The investigators are well versed in the local language and cultural norms of the informants. What does it mean? Try to understand.
When did this method come into use? So, when you are going to get information from someone, you should also know their language. Because you don't have to give them a form, you have to ask them, ask for things in the form yourself. So, there is a suitable table where the investigator knows all the norms, cultures, so that he knows about their language, so that he can easily put up questions from them and can do everything easily, he can also note down things well.
Is it clear? Is it sure? Because you don't have to give a form, you have to ask them, so they can understand their language. you have to translate and give things where you are asking things.
For example, I am Tamil Nadu or go to a place from here, then it will not work just by talking in Hindi, it means when this method comes to work, then it will be useful, where you are living, you should also know the language there, then you will be able to put the question. If I want to go there, then this method will not work, because there I will be asking things in Hindi, I will be asking in English, some people understood, some people did not. The proper data will not be able to provide me until I ask things in their language. Okay. Now, let's come to merits.
Wide coverage can be done in many big areas. Accuracy remains. There is a fair degree of accuracy in the results.
Why does it remain? This is because investigations are done by the specialized enumerators. If I am doing an investigation with a trained person, if he asks me about that and notes properly, then the accuracy increases. Personal contact, now each person is going to each person, asking him things, he is noting down, so personal contact is made, there accuracy also increases.
In this method, there is a personal contact with the informant, according to him accurate and right answers will be obtained. What are these three? We have merits, there will be more merits of it. Yes, absolutely.
Next is impartiality, impartiality will not remain, why? Because the numerators are taking data for themselves, right? Yes.
They have to provide it, they have no benefit or loss in it. So it is impartial. Look carefully, this method is impartial. This is because the numerators themselves do not need the required information. They don't need it for themselves, neither they have any benefit nor loss.
They are impartial to the nature of the information they obtain. So when they don't have any benefit or loss, then they will note down the original thing there, and will provide the original data. So it is impartial.
Next is complete. complete means when a person himself puts all the questions and writes all the answers, then it will be complete on its own. Here the mail is not that you gave as many answers as you want, otherwise you did it again, that is, you posted it without doing answers. This is not mailed, a person is going to him and putting all the answers himself, then this form will come complete, this data will come complete with us. Schedules have the merits of completeness because they are filled by the numerators themselves.
So the mail was the question that was not the question, people will come there and give me. mail kar deta hai, theek hai humne iska answer nahi dena. Legin issme aisa nahi hai, woh person jayega, saare questions puchke, answers unse likke layega, toh poora data milega, complete data yaha pe. Next dekho, iske demerits, expensive hai, kyu expensive hai, tohki trained person chahiye, time zyada lagayega unko train karne me, har cheez ke through hi kya hai, har cheez ke way mein kya hai, expensive hai.
This is a very expensive method of investigation because of the involvement of the trained investigator. If they are trained investigator, then it will take more time, more money, more efforts. They need more effort to train, that's why it is expensive. Next is difficulties regarding You will train everyone, then everyone will not make a good enumerator, right?
There will be no shortcomings in some, there will be no shortcomings in some. So, this means that we also have difficulty in finding a trained enumerator. So, to make it a successful method, the main important thing is a trained enumerator, which can be difficult to find. Competent enumerator means skilled.
skilled enumerators may not be available may be they may not get the accuracy of the information according to that they may suffer if the person, enumerator is not good if they are not skilled then how will they get good data next is time consuming how is time consuming understand carefully I am keeping an assistant I have kept then I have to explain to them how to fill the form what things to ask and what extra you can ask so when I am giving them training the time will be very much. That's why time consuming is shown here. The enumerators may need specialized training for particular investigator.
As the investigator changes, he needs a different training. Every will explain it in their own way that you have to do this investigation. The process of investigation does become time consuming because they have to give training first. That's why this process becomes time consuming.
Is it clear? Next, private investigation. Private investigation.
investigation this method takes more time to give training to the enumerator expensive method so this is not for private investigation next is inaccurate data it is possible that the enumerator which I sent from here will be biased if the enumerators are biased the data will not be accurate it will not be accurate next let's go Till now we have seen the introduction of data collection, then we saw the difference between primary and secondary data. After difference, we saw how to collect primary data, we did 5 of them, in which we did merits and demerits. Drink some water, take a breath, then move ahead.
Now it was not much, it was the same length, otherwise our topics will be completed. Next is, qualities of a good questionnaire. We have to make the questions.
We said that we have to mail the questions or we can send the questions with the enumerator. That what answer to give the questions. So I have to frame the questions.
So how should the questionnaire be? Questionnary means that the set of questions should be like that. We will see that now. Let's go to the set. First let's see what is a questionnaire?
I am doing IEEE in the proper definition exam. A questionnaire is a list of questions relating to the fields of inquiry and provides space for answer. Not any question, but questions related to the field of inquiry and the answer will be blank. It may be defined as an instrument of collecting primary data from a large number of persons.
When you cannot talk face to face with anyone, you can make a questionnaire and give the questions. Let's see what is written further. The success of the investigation largely depends upon the drafting of the questionnaire.
If your questions are properly made, if they are exactly made, whatever information you need from them, if the questions are framed properly, then your data will also be good. It is clear. Now let's see how the questionnaire should be. There are some points.
First, look at the limited number of questions. Questionnary does not mean that that you should put 50-50 questions, not only 50-50 questions, but a limited number of questions. If the viewer is interested, then there is only this much question, I will answer. So the number of questions should be as limited as possible. Questions should be only related to the purpose of inquiry.
Not that you are putting any questions, the purpose of the inquiry, the reason you want to know from them, those questions should be limited. Next is... simplicity so questions language of a simple one just me bari welcome words nahi unichayen mass include nae unichayen simplicity unichayen language of the questions should be simple and clear unichayen questions should be short long nahi unichayen and maths usmeinvol nahi unichayen proper order of the questions proper order unichayen ka ye nahi pehle puchta name Father's name, mother's name, phone number, then ask all the addresses, then ask about father's occupation, mother's occupation, or what does mother do, ask about your income, no, ask about father's name, along with that ask about whatever you want.
So, a particular order should be followed properly so that they don't feel that any order is working. Questions must be placed in proper order. Next is no undesirable questions, which you should not ask, which has nothing to do with your survey, which should not be done, I mean, not after talking about someone's religion. make a related about me coming kissy kissy boy feelings hurt me only change we offend me on the cheek is a problem unity as a questions Dalek this sick issue cook with problem now undesirable questions or personal questions in particular must be avoided questions likely to offend the personal, social and religious feelings of the informants be avoided. It means they don't have any religious feelings, they don't know anything personal.
Ask your survey according to things, just note down, nothing more than this. No undesirable questions. Let's see the fourth and fifth. Fifth is calculations. Calculations should not be in the form.
Just ask for simple information, that's it. Calculation is the work of the data collecting person. But the one who is providing data information is not his work.
Questions involving calculation be avoided. Investigator himself should do the calculation job. Next is pre-testing.
Make a questionnaire, make some questions. First, it should be tested before landing in the main field. I mean, I have a question.
I will not include it or not. I have already asked it to 10-15 people. I think only a few of these 10-15 people are able to answer it well. Many people are having difficulty in answering it.
So I will not include that question. When the questionnaire is ready, then first they are tried on some people, some people are asked, if we think that they are able to answer easily, they are not having any problem, then the questionnaires go ahead on a large scale. So pre-testing is necessary. Before giving the questionnaire, a final shape, it should be subjected to pre-test, there should be a pre-test.
To achieve this objective, some questions be asked from the informants on trial basis. So if their answers involve some difficulty, some difficulty, then they should be given a pre-test. the same may be changed accordingly such testing technique is called pilot survey what do you want to say that before taking the main question in the main field if we do its pre testing then what is it called pilot survey next is instructions means you have to tell why the form is being filled what survey is going on you have to fill the form how many questions are there give complete instructions clear instructions for filling the questions questionery form should be issued that you have to write in capital letters sometimes we write whatever the proper instructions are how to fill this questionnaire you have to tell that properly next we have that is cross Cross verification means there should be some questions by which we can verify your answer.
For example, I asked what is your date of birth, I also asked this. And I also asked when did you do class 10th. So, this will recheck that you have told your date of birth correctly. Because we can guess the date of birth of class 10th, that when and at what age you have cleared class 10th. So, there should also be a cross verification question that if he gave one answer, while giving the second answer, his first answer.
check which I next is request for return the BAPE question we be joking with the request up Nick Ernie a cap on the filter k return guru have a quick information is a good share make a ring a sub confidential renewal a he sorry cheese a hopper liquid clear edges in nine points a key questionery Cassie honey chahi questioner the man a case a little bit thanks a little solo take a Let's move ahead. Next, methods of collection of secondary data. Till now we have seen the methods of collecting primary data.
Now we will see how to collect secondary data. Don't be scared, there are not so many methods of it. There are only two of it. That is published sources and unpublished sources.
Published means someone has already printed it out in the form and put it for everyone. Whichever you want to use it. Unpublished means we have to go to the office and get all the data.
These are two sources. First published then unpublished. This is our most left. After that it will end. Do things easily.
First is published resources. Government publications. There are also government publications.
who give their data on an annual basis, on a monthly basis, as their time is decided. They give their stats on that basis. For example, look carefully, here are the examples, Abstract of India, Annual Survey of Industries, these are two such people who publish their stats on a regular basis.
So, it is written here, Ministries of the Central and State Government in India, Publish a variety of stats as a routine activity. We do it in routine. It can be a routine activity, whether it is monthly, after 6 months or annually. These are published by the government.
Data are fairly reliable because the government is doing it. So we can easily believe in this data. Some of the notable government publications are Abstract of India, Statistical Abstracts of India, Annual Service of Industries. I have given these two examples. These two government publications, I have written only two examples, they publish stats on a regular basis.
You can use their data for yourself, that's why it is the source of secondary data. Second, look at semi-government publications. Like which ones? Principalities come under semi-government publications.
Subtitles by the Amara.org community What does it do? Look carefully, data relating to education, health, birth, deaths, these data are also fairly reliable and useful. It also publishes its data. Death rate, birth rate, etc. are published by the government. So, you can use the data directly from the semi-government publication.
That's why it comes in the secondary. Next is reports of committees and commissions. First, the government...
Then semi-government, now government has kept some committees and commissions of its own. They also take out their data. Look carefully, committees and commissions appointed by the government also furnish lots of statistical information and their reports. Finance commission, planning commission are some of the notable commissions in India which supply detailed statistical information in their reports. You have to remember these three main headings that the publication of government, of semi-government and of commissions.
These people They publish stats on a regular basis, which we can use as it is in the data. That's why it comes in secondary data. These are some words, examples, and their headings. You have to keep them in mind a little otherwise it is not difficult. You can put your language inside.
But if you write an example, that will be better. Here the word municipality is good. You have to keep it in mind.
Each committee and commission is fine. Here the planning commission, Finance commission, these words have to be kept in mind. Words have to be kept in mind and language has to be kept in mind.
Okay, let's move ahead. Let's see the fourth. Fourth is Publications of Trade Association.
Now there are some trade associations that publish starts on a regular basis. For example, as you can write here Sugar Mill Association. They publish about sugar.
Published information regarding sugar mills in India. There is a sugar mill association that provides data about sugar mills. So this is not related to the government. Some trade associations like Sugar and other trade associations publish their own stats about their field.
Some of the big trade associations through their statistical and research of division Collect and publish data on various aspects of trading activity. Various aspects means different ways that what was the effect of our weather this time, or how much was the demand this time, production, they make stats on different aspects. Different trade associations, so here the example is of Sugar Mills Association.
It tells about Sugar Mills in India. Next, Next is publication of research institutions. Research work is done there also.
Research, whole stats, whole data is also published. Various universities and research institutions publish information regarding their research activities. In India, Indian stats institutes publish a variety of stats data as a regular feature. I am not going to tell you anything about institutions and different universities. It publishes all the search work in the status form.
Next, you get a lot of stats in journals and papers. That is also a published form. You can use that for your own purpose.
So what happened to you? Secondary data was there. Many newspapers such as Economic Times as well as magazines such as Commerce also this is the name of the magazine also supply a large variety of stats information.
It has a lot of stats information that comes in handy for you. So this is also a source of secondary data. Next, publications of research scholars. You were also in the research institution. But the person who does research himself, the person who does research himself, he also publishes the data.
Individual research scholar also sometimes publish their research work containing some useful stats, information. So, the individual can also publish. There are international publications like UNO, IMF, tell me the full form in the comment section.
You will say, ma'am, what do we have to do with this? There are many competitive exams ahead, so many things will be useful. So the full form of UNO and IMF, you can search anywhere and write.
When you type at least, things will come to mind. Will you tell the full form of UNO and IMF in the comment section? Sure? I will check how seriously you take these things.
No interview or preparation is being done for this exam. These new things come out from here. What does this curiosity mean to you? What is the full form of this?
This is how your knowledge increases. Further, the foreign government sector also publishes a lot of statistical information. These are user-secured data.
So, all the international governments, UNOMF, all these organizations, They also provide us statistical data which is used in the work of Scandi data. Next, let's see how published sources of Scandi data can be. Now, unpublished sources.
The next point is that when we have to use data by getting the record from the office, it is called unpublished sources. These are some unpublished sources as well. These there are a sorry these data are collected by the government organizations and other generally for their self-use up nearly ever cut their ticket or office record these are Not published data is not published anywhere. These unpublished numerical information are however used as secondary data. Means someone had kept that data for their use, did not publish anywhere, but because you want, you asked them or took that data from them, this is an unpublished source, so now use that data for yourself, from someone, then it may count in secondary data.
Is this thing clear? Sure? See, let's go ahead.
So, we have seen that there are five methods in primary data. There were two methods in secondary data, one published and one unpublished. In published, there were government and semi-government points. In unpublished, there was only a paragraph. Now, next is precautions in use of secondary data.
This is the last topic of this chapter. When we are using secondary data, we have to take precautions and keep things in mind. It's not that someone caught the data and you blindly followed it and believed in the data.
It's not like that. First, what is it? Ability of...
of collecting organization. Know about the data you are using. Is it reliable? Can we trust it?
Does the organization give correct data or not? Look at the ability, does the data we are using take correct data or not? One should check the ability of the organization which initially collected data, which you have taken earlier, whose data you are using, does it collect correct data?
The data should be used only if collected by able, experienced and impartial investigator. If you think that this company, organization, this place, data must have been collected very well, people must have collected data very well, then only you can use their data for your work. This is not that you need a candid data, you can take it from someone and believe, no. You see, this is the good name of the company organization, I can believe in it, then only you can take data from there. Objective and scope, someone must have taken it from some reason, someone must have taken that data from another purpose, are those purpose and your purpose some common things, then only you should use that data, otherwise not.
For example, I want that how well is this stock working. From where I am taking data, they have taken all the data of that stock only for Corona time. And I want complete information about the stock.
So, I will see first that he has taken only the file of Corona time. In the Corona time file, the stock market was running differently. So, I will see that my purpose is to know completely about the stock, not just to know for 1-2 years. purpose objective of the objective objective of collecting data as well as the scope of investigation objective scope objective scope The study undertaken earlier matches the objective and scope of the present study.
If the data I need today matches the data of the company or organization that has previously taken out the data, then I will use that data. For example, I have given an example, I want to know about the stock market, I want to know about that particular share, I have given data only for Corona time, my time is not matching, my conditions are not matching, so I will not take that data. If I want to know about the share, about the last 5 years, 7 years, then I will take that data, which has told about 5 to 7 years, properly told. So my objective is to know about 5 years, we have provided only for 2 years, so my objective is not matching. So my reason, I should match my origin, why I need that data, then I will use their data otherwise no.
Next look method of collection, have they kept accuracy in mind, have they followed proper methods, have they kept proper things in mind, if their method of collection is correct then I will use their data. The method of collection of data, By the original investigator should also be noted the method adopted must match the nature of the investigation. Means if there is a good investigation, means if there is a serious investigation, and it has worked with a non-serious method, it doesn't matter if 4 people are asking, or people have collected data, if there was no seriousness, then it is not of my work.
If the collection of data is done in a serious way, in a good way, by trained people, then it is of my work. Ok, let's move on. Here this line is written, match the nature of the investigation. Not that every time, for example, if we need news for the newspaper, then we don't have so much accuracy there.
Ok, we need accuracy but not that of point to point. Right? So what is there?
What is the nature of the investigation? If there is a serious reason for the investigation, then you have to use the method of collecting data. You have to use the data of the investigation. If the matter is serious, then you have to collect the data. Next is time and conditions of collection.
For example, in case of Corona, data collected on the time. Was that time correct? For example, I want something.
They collected that data during the time of corona, not later. Conditions have changed. So why should I collect their data? So, we have to see the time and conditions of collection.
One should also make sure regarding the period of investigation as well as the conditions of the investigation. For example, data collected during war times may not be suitable for generalization. Certain fixed during peace time.
You can give a corona example here. If I see a share, it was very down during the corona time, so I can't say that the share will remain down today. No, I saw that the data given by him is of the corona time, it does not match today.
So I will not consider that data today, I will find my data separately, which will be telling about 2022-2023, will be predicting the things to come about 2024. Next is the definition of the unit. You also have to see the unit, when that thing has been defined, in which unit it is defined. You don't need it in any other unit, so you have to take care of your units also.
One should also make sure that the units of measurement used in the initial collection of the data is same as adopted in the present study. I want it in any other unit, why don't they want it in any other unit? If you want it in any other unit, you adjust it and bring it in your units.
What is written? If the unit of the measurement differs, data must be readjusted before use. If the units are different, then you can change the data in the unit you want ok, next Accurate data should also be checked this doesn't mean that you took someone's data just don't check if it is accurate or not you should still cross check it you should also check the accuracy if you are following these points then you can use secondary data well these are the precautions to use secondary data ok, next let's go with this Our chapter is complete.
But how do we get questions from this? Look at the important questions. Now what is...
first distinguish between primary and secondary data we have done second look explain the various methods that are used in the collection of primary data we have written five of them and tell their merits and demerits also we have done the question what do you mean by secondary data you will put all definitions mention some of its sources you will write sources of secondary published unpublished explain briefly the precautions to be taken i have put precautions what is a questionary is good questionery. So if you have done the chapter well, you will not say this by looking at any question. You will get all the questions, I have covered all the topics.
I hope you understood the chapter well. Put things in mind with patience, understand. There will be many chapters. If possible, print out their printouts of PDF.
That will be easier for you. Write things in your language. So, things will be done very well during the exam time. I hope you like this video.
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