Overview
This lecture explores the cultural system of moka exchange among the Kawelka tribe in Papua New Guinea, focusing on the social roles, responsibilities, and challenges of organizing major gift-giving events.
The Moka System
- Moka is a system of ceremonial gift exchanges, primarily involving pigs, between tribes in Papua New Guinea.
- Gifting more than was received in the past (including pigs, money, birds, and other goods) increases the giver's social status.
- Moka is crucial for building alliances, maintaining peace, and achieving personal prestige within and between tribes.
- Repayment of moka is expected with interest—giving back more than was received.
Role of the Big Man
- The "Big Man," like Anka, gains status by organizing and giving the largest moka.
- Big Men have no formal authority; they must persuade and motivate others to contribute.
- Success depends on alliances, negotiation, and the ability to coordinate efforts across scattered households.
Gathering the Moka
- Pigs are the primary currency and status marker; other rare items and money may also be included.
- Pigs are raised by women, making their labor essential to the process.
- It is impossible to hoard pigs due to resource constraints, so they are gathered and gifted in public ceremonies.
- Investments are made by giving pigs to others to be returned at later moka ceremonies.
Ceremony and Conflict
- Moka ceremonies involve speeches, traditional dress, singing, and ritualized pig allocation.
- Disputes, delays, and rivalries (e.g., competing Big Men) are common and can affect timing.
- Deaths and accusations of sorcery may halt exchanges due to mourning and potential conflict.
- Funerals and compensation payments can become new moka exchanges.
Modern Influences
- Australian dollars and trucks are now part of moka gifts, replacing traditional shell currency.
- The value of pigs has increased, but the core social functions of moka remain.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Moka — Ceremonial gift exchange aiming to surpass previous gifts and raise social status.
- Big Man — Influential leader responsible for organizing moka, without formal authority.
- Kassowary — Rare bird used as a prestigious moka gift.
- Interest (in moka) — Extra given beyond the original gift, required for status and repayment.
- Pearl shell — Traditional currency formerly used in moka, now replaced by paper money.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the cultural significance and mechanics of the moka system.
- Understand the relationship between gift-giving, status, and social structure in Papua New Guinea.
- Prepare for discussion or questions on the role of conflict, gender, and outside influences in moka.