Lecture Notes on 3D & 4D Particles

Electronic Configuration

• The last electrons of 3D and 4D particles are in the 3d subshell.
• Each particle's color depends on the absorption of complementary colors with that color.

Size Reduction

• As we move from left to right in the periodic table, the size of the particles decreases.
• This is called 'contraction'.

Oxidation Number and Reducers

• When the oxidation number of a particle decreases, it becomes a reducer.
• Example: Cerium (+4) -> (+3)

Identification of Particles in the Periodic Table

• D Block
  • Starts from Scandium to Zinc.
  • Group number from 3 to 12.
• F Block
  • From Lanthanum to Lutetium (14 elements)

Metallic Behavior

• All elements of the D & F block exhibit metallic behavior.
• They exhibit electropositivity.

Group and Period Number

• D Block: Group 3 to 12.
• F Block: Lanthanides and Actinides in Group 3.
• Periods 3, 4, 5, and 6.

Lanthanide & Actinide Contraction

• In lanthanides and actinides, size reduction occurs due to the overlap of their electronic structure.
• The hollow nature of the 4f and 5f shells is highly problematic.

Transition Elements and Their Characteristics

• Transition elements have the ability to change oxidation states.
• They are highly suitable for exchange.

Color and Design

• There is a need to systematically manage color disposition from time to time.

Catalytic Activities

• Regulation of the specific use of catalysts.
• Increasing the speed of cracking and reactions.

Interstitial Compounds

• Small-sized elements like hydrogen enter larger metals.
• Their melting points are high.

Temperature and Physical and Chemical Properties

• The reaction rate is higher at lower temperatures.
• To make reactions effective at high temperatures, they increase.

Metals & Compounds

• The compound of metals is fully found.
• Example: Use of mixed metal oxides.

Other Important Points

• Identification of various elements from an environmental chemical perspective.
• The need to identify potassium and chromate.

Conclusion

• Important elements of the D and F block and their identification and chemical characteristics.
• Knowledge of their strength and stability.

Important Points

• Metallic characteristics of compound members and the position of their electrons.
• Example: Stable reaction, use of oxidants.
• Helps in understanding the entire processes.

---