Lecture: Types of Mental Disorders

Key Points

• There are many types of mental disorders with often overlapping features.
• Mental abnormalities considered disorders are not due to medications, substances, or other medical conditions.
• Mental abnormalities must cause distress or disability to be considered a disorder.
• Two main categorization systems: DSM-5 (U.S.) and ICD-10 (WHO).

DSM-5 Categories of Mental Disorders

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

• Involve distress/disability from nervous system development abnormalities.
• Includes:
  • Intellectual disabilities
  • Autism spectrum disorders
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders
• Also an 'other' subcategory for disorders not fitting specific criteria.

Neurocognitive Disorders

• Involve distress/disability from loss of cognitive functions post-development.
• Includes:
  • Delirium (reversible cognitive abnormalities)
  • Major neurocognitive disorder/dementia (irreversible loss)

Sleep-Wake Disorders

• Distress/disability from sleep-related abnormalities.
• Examples:
  • Insomnia
  • Sleepwalking

Anxiety Disorders

• Distress/disability from excessive worry or fear.
• Includes phobias and generalized anxiety disorder.

Depressive Disorders

• Distress/disability from abnormally negative mood.
• Related symptoms include hopelessness and loss of enjoyment.
• High risk of suicide.

Bipolar and Related Disorders

• Distress/disability from abnormal mood swings, including mania.

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

• Distress/disability from psychosis (delusions, hallucinations).
• Schizophrenia is a main disorder.

Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

• Distress/disability after traumatic events (e.g., PTSD).

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

• Distress/disability from substance use affecting mental functions.
• Includes alcohol, drugs, and non-substance addictions like gambling.

Personality Disorders

• Distress/disability from long-term personality traits outside societal norms.
• Clusters:
  • A: Odd/eccentric
  • B: Intense emotional/relationship issues
  • C: Anxious/avoidant/obsessive

Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

• Distress/disability from disruptive/impulsive behaviors.

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

• Distress/disability from obsessions (involuntary thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive actions).

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

• Distress/disability from physical symptoms with psychological origins.

Feeding and Eating Disorders

• Distress/disability from food-related mental/behavioral abnormalities.
• Includes anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Elimination Disorders

• Distress/disability from inappropriate urination/defecation.

Dissociative Disorders

• Distress/disability from identity/memory abnormalities.

Sexual Dysfunctions

• Distress/disability from sexual activity performance.

Gender Dysphoria

• Distress/disability from identifying with a different gender than societal assignment.

Paraphilic Disorders

• Distress/disability from unusual sexual arousal stimuli when it causes harm or lack of consent.

Other Disorders

• For disorders causing distress/disability not fitting into other categories.

Conclusion

• Discussion focused on DSM-5 categories.
• Further detail on specific disorders within categories not covered due to time constraints.