what's up P bi Penguins so hopefully we're on the right thing and it's all working for us um if not hopefully you figured out that I started the stream somewhere else and yes it did not work um so let me just quickly get to the right screen um so hi what's up y'all um my name is Tiffany Jones and I am coming to you from Georgia AP biop Penguins um and so today we're going to work on ecology okay so um the you may be thinking yourself why did I start out saying like Penguins um um it's because of the fact that you are in your nice little cutesy little Tuxedos and you are now dressed as success you are ready to rock and you are ready to roll um so without further Ado let's kind of get a little background um so I run AP Bio Penguins um so if you're not aware of those resources yet you really need to be aware of those resources um I do Daily Review on Instagram um so hopefully you already knew about this because the fact that the review has been going on for the past I don't know since February 1 um and so I have actually finished all the topics in the CED um and at this point I'm going to go through the 2023 I'm sorry the 2013 exam next like from La uh couple years ago um and then I'll just be doing Q&A until the exam um but on my website you'll find that there is a um 374 page review guide um so at this point since we are 12 days away from the exam you want to be using that for your multiple choice practice and your fear response practice and then just kind of hitting the topics that you might be weaker in I'm so like if you know that you struggle in biotechnology then you would go find the 6.8 topic and you could work through the questions that are on 6.8 um I have fq Friday so I've gone through every single fre response from 2013 to current I'm ignoring 2020 when you know the world did its stuff um and so I have an frq uh video explaining every single one of those so after you do an F frq you can go to the video and kind of listen to it and see what you could have written kind of see what some students have written um or you could just pull the video up and as um I say the question you then comp pause it come up kind of what you think the answer is and then go ahead and go from there um I also have quizzes games so there's 120 games open already for you just go to quizzes.com type in the eight-digit code and you'll be able to access those games um so I've got one for every single topic I've got some just overall review ones I've got the 2013 exam on there that you can practice it that way there's tons of of games on there as well as I've got review PowerPoints plus of course you know we have all these live streams um so of course you can access all that on my website ww. AP bop. we.com um so today we're going to work through energy flow we're going to look at population ecology Community ecology we'll do some practice questions as always and then I'll have time for a little bit of Q&A at the end um so without further Ado energy flow so first thing is that organisms have to be able to use energy in order for them to maintain organize and grow reproduce um that's straight out of the CED and so kind of thinking about um the first law thermodynamics that say the energy cannot be created or destroyed but it could be transformed and transferred right um so all of the energy that we have on Earth all came from the Sun and then it was absorbed by our photosynthetic materials that are able to convert that light energy into chemical energy and then we of course use that chemical energy you know turn into other forms of energy and we release in the form of heat so all the energy then leaves the Earth in the form of heat Second Law thermodynamics is talking about um that with every single energy transfer okay um is going to increase the entropy of the system so the disorder so in order for us to make sure that we maintain order and keep things organized it's going to require some type of energy okay um so body temperature we are all endotherms that means that we're going to regulate our body temperature through metabolism and so you might see a DI on the exam that's showing the kind of relationship between the temperature outside and the amount of oxygen um and you would find that um an organism that is um an endotherm is going to have higher rates of oxygen consumption at lower temperatures because of the fact that they're going to need to um undergo more Cellar respiration in order to keep their bodies warmer and the final electronic acceptor is oxygen and so we would see an increase in the amount of oxygen consumed because they're going through metabolism more frequently okay um so here you can kind of see um the internal temperature would stay constant no matter what the outside temperature is um so an example that would of course be this little mouth right here an ectotherm is what you learned about in elementary school as a coldblooded organism their blood isn't actually cold although you like to think of this um and this means that they're going to maintain their body temperature using different behaviors so um like an alligator is going to bask in the sun when it gets cold and it may go for a swim when it gets it's too hot um and they also have little scoots along their backs that kind of help to release uh their heat um there's all kinds of other things they'll do but they're more or less are looking at the um the their behaviors can allow for their temperature and so we'll see a different organism here I'm sorry a different graph here where a lower temperature we see different internal temperature um and as the outside temperature increases then the inside temperature of the organism also going to increase and that would be like this little sink here okay um so we also have different trophic struct structures okay so at the very bottom we have our autot troves these are the organisms that are able to um kind of make their own chemical energy um so they can capture energy from um different organic inorganic materials or they can capture it from kind of the sunlight and then they can convert that into usable energy so they will be consumed by other organisms um so like our photosynthetic organisms are going to use the sunlight use a kind of prefix of photo to help you remember that and they chemosynthetic uh organ organisms are going to use smaller inorganic molecules in the environment um sometimes it's in the absence of oxygen um so this could be like in our deep kind of the deep sea vents where they're going to go through different kind of chemosynthetic um to there's no light down there um in order to generate that uh energy okay we actually don't generate energy they use the energy from those chemical inorganic substances to make organic substance that can then be consumed um and then we have our heter tropes heter tropes are going to get the energy that are in other organisms so they're going to be consuming other Oran so that's like your um primary consumer secondary tertiary consumer and so on um and so they're going to metabolize carbohydrates lipids and are proteins um something to also notice is that they don't use nucleic acids to break down and to get any type of energy um and so all of the other ones so the carbs the lipids the proteins can all be used um for um hydrolysis in order to kind of get that uh energy from it and so we're going to see the energy goes from the autot tropes to the heterotrophs and so it says do we need to know the chemo and photo Auto heter Tropics yeah I would probably know about those um there were questions in the past uh different exams that that have those words in there um and so recognizing those words helps as well as if you have a free response question you could then apply those words um so we have this kind of trophic structure here and so you can kind of see our primary producers are at the bottom our primary consumers are going to be those herbivores that are consuming those primary producers our secondary consumers are going to be carnivores consuming our primary consumers tertiary consumes secondary and cornate consumes tertiary and we usually don't go much farther than that because of the fact that um there is a decrease the amount of energy that can go from one energy level to the next um so here you can kind of see on the outside the amount of energy that's stored in that biomass um and so there is a decrease in it there's about a 10% rule and so we only get about 10% of the energy moved on because as you see every single of these organisms is releasing heat okay now after any of them die they'll then be broken down by the decomposers that of course can use that as their energy source um and then that will recycle a lot of those nutrients back out into the ground okay um so now there's different changes in the availability so um in terms of our trophic structure maybe uh we could see if there's a decrease in our primary producers we're that's going to then cause every single level afterward to be decreased because of the fact that they have less food which then leads to the next one not having enough food and there's a decreasing their population decreasing is decreasing we also could see a decrease based on different nutrients and so if there is a lack of nutrients in the soil that could lead to different um problems going Upstream from there um as my students were working through uh different practice exam questions this past week um one of the things that were're noticing is that there's this term is called direct and so they may give you a question that shows you oh well there's this I don't know primary consumer that's gone how would that affect other organisms and so they went to like terier consumers one of the answer choices um but that's not a direct connection so you want to make sure that you're kind of whenever they give you and they're asking you what is the direct connection go to something that like literally directly next with that this causes that don't look for like a couple layers in a system okay so that gets us through that part of it about the energy now let's move into animal behavior so animals need to be able to communicate with each other they need to be able to find food find a mate um of course know about different types of dangers that might be around um so this this is the type of sign that can occur and this will change the behavior of an organism and it allows for differential uh reproductive success so it's allowing them to be able to survive and then of course reproduce passing on their traits to Future Generations so first one one they have is visual communication so like a firefly May glow um and you we've had questions before about this about the luciferase um and how that enzyme is allowing for that glowing we've also had uh free response questions um where we're looking at reproductive um behaviors with them and about the flashing of them there's been philogyny questions um and so there's a lot that you can do just with like a visual behavior um and so fireflies will use this to attract a mate we also know that our peacocks are going to use their tails um in different courtship rituals in order to attract a mate um you do know that the peacocks are the ones that are beautifully colored and that the other ones are called PE hens and that together they're pea foul I hope you did know that if not you learned something new anyways uh cobras are going to inflate their hood that they way can scare off other creatures and so that's kind of like a uh kind of a visual communication to kind of ward off danger we also have auditor so different um elephants can um kind of use their trunks um to go long distance I've also watched a video that was on hhmi where there's different stomping patterns and based on The Stomping pattern it can sense danger or food or different other uh materials that might be nearby um whales are going to use their song communicate with their females and then uh wolves are going to howl to call other wolves um that are part of their pack um in terms of electrical um that's going to just usually deal with some type of electrical signal we also have tactile okay um tactile is going to deal with when um the the pup will lick I'm sorry the dog will lick his pup to kind of stimulate and get that kind of um it's not really looking at imprinting but it's kind of similar to imprinting where they're going to kind of then clean it off and be able to bond with their uh their young we also have baboons are going to touch and kind of Groom each other they'll kind of go through each other's hair get all the bugs um and then horses will kick other horses to establish their dominance you know lots of fun and then we also have chemical okay so cats can rub up against um different objects to mark them with their Ascent notice that the cat is always running around your house and kind of rubbing off against everything um ants are going to use a pherone trail so um if you're ever trying to get rid of ants that you see like this big long line of them just clean up the trail and you won't have the ants in that line anymore you'll be able to hopefully stop them from going to wherever that source is um skunks can also use their smell to kind of get rid of different sprad predators and if you all have questions as we're going through this you're welcome to throw them in the chat and I'll L them as we go there is about a I don't know 5 to 10 second delay um but hopefully I can you know get your answer um so different functions that the communication can allow for us to um indicate dominance um for so we can find food we can establish territory as well as we can establish reproductive success there are also altruistic behaviors alive Behavior deals with something that is going to decrease your own Fitness but it's going to help the fitness of the rest of the individuals um and so what I mean by Fitness is if you didn't catch it from the unit 7 um Fitness is just talking about um your ability to survive and then pass on those traits to the Next Generation and so if we're talking about I don't know the bilding squirrels okay there's one of them that is on guard they're kind of watching out for Predators when the bilding squirrel makes this loud call wow wow wow it tells the other squirrels hey there's a predator go hide but as it makes that noise it tells the Predator where it is and there's a high chance it's going to be consumed but by making that call it's going to allow all the other individuals that are in the kind of group to hide so it increases the group's Fitness instead of incre increasing their Fitness okay I that's where that Inclusive fitness has to do with it's talk about like the group the whole population as a whole um so we also have different types of selections so we already mentioned about the um the peacocks okay but we also have where there's just with intersexual selection there's a choosing okay either a male is choosing a female or the female is choosing the male and so whichever one is trying to attract the mate is going to do some type of behavior to attract that mate my favorite example is the blue-footed boobies they have these beautiful little blue feet um and they're going to go up and they're going to show off their little feet um and that little dance then can attract the m and say hey you know what I've Got The Bluest feet I've got the best jeans you know you want to M with me and so like it's just kind of like a little way that they attract their mates and they also do this little thing where they like lift their wings up and kind of like I don't know it's all part of their dance um we also have frogs they'll kind of croak and that's like an auditory signal of course to trying to attract their mates um phermones um so we all have phermones that we release to try to attract mates um you know if you have a a dog or a cat that's in heat you probably notice that there's a lot of uh additional cats and dogs in the neighborhood that are kind of coming around your house when that's happening um and it's because they're releasing these phermones out to say hey it's time for us to reproduce and all these other kind of other individuals in the area trying to come um intra sexual selection if I wasn't on camera and you know a miced up and all that I would definitely scream at you um because that's what I do in my classroom like this little raw I'm like I'm yelling I'm like CU this is like fighting right when two individuals of the same sex are fighting for the chance to mate with the other um and so this is of reproductive event they're showing their dominance and this is allowing them to compete for um their mate so you can here that the deer are going to have their antler size and then they kind of pump into each other to try to show that no I'm dominant I I'm supposed to made with all the women um we also have our horn beetles this is showing different um size and strength of those horns um that's also showing their fighting do organisms trying to impress for mating like the food lead to Evolution um yes and no and so um any type that you have like selection um sexual selection is going to lead to Evolution think came about like of Hardy Weinberg and the five conditions um we wanted there to be random mating and so since this is non this is this is non- random mating um there's a choosing so it will lead to Evolution um also when we think back to I think it was last week we did the question with the um the Guppies and about how their colors were um and we said that the brightly colored Guppies were going to be more likely to be seen by Predators which means they're more likely to be consumed um and so there could be changes due to that um and so we kind of always have to think about that holistically and so population ecology we've got math to do I know you all love math um and just as a quick blurp um don't forget I'm doing every single math problem on the uh formula sheet um in a little video so like if there's like a a question on your formula sheet you can go through there I have um I think I have eight more videos to make before I'm done with them all um there was a question in the chat was the difference between inter seexual and intrasexual intersexual is between different Sexes so the male is attracting a female or the female is attracting a male um and so it's like a choosiness versus in seexual they're the same sex fighting for the opposite sex and so the other one has actually no control over who wins the right to fight I mean to to mate um so it's kind of like think about like the alpha males in different situations like the alpha male is fighting to say I'm going to mate with all these females lovely okay so population ecology so we have exponential growth this means there's an unlimited growth through our population they've got unlimited resources they've got unlimited space there's literally nothing stopping them from growing they are just going to keep growing okay and so we'll see this as RN or R maxn um R being our intrinsic rate of increase and N being our population size um and so you see over time that they grow exponentially we see that as a j-shaped curve um and so R is our birth rate minus our death rate um so the rate of increase is just birth Min death and so the questions they may give you they may give you the birth rate and the death rate you just have to find this intrinsic rated increase or you might have to do a little bit more with it okay um DN over DT although that looks like calculus and you're like Miss Jones why are we doing calculus we're not doing calculus um but so the DN over DT although is derivative it's just looking at that rate it's looking at the slope um and so it's just saying that the change in our population sides over our change in time is just R * n um so different for an example if we have a population of 400 individuals with a rate of increase of 0. five after how many G sorry how many individuals would there be after two generations now those of you in calculus probably have a better more eloquent way to solve this but I like to show it step by step um and so sorry that this is probably not the way you want to do it but the way I'm going to do it using the formula that the College Board has given us so yay um so we'll sub it in we've got our R being our 0. five and our n being 400 so after our first generation our first time we have 200 that we gained okay so 400 + 200 gives me 600 so when I go through it to figure out the second generation my n is now 600 cuz my population grew to 600 so I'm still going to have my 0.5 for my r value and my new n is going to be 600 so the second generation is going to allow us to grow 300 more so 600 plus 300 gives me 900 so we would see that with our exponential growth after two generations we would now be at 900 when we started at 400 so you can kind of see it is growing the first generation only grew by 200 second generation grew by 300 so you can see kind of it is increasing and it would get even higher than that if you kept going logistic growth has to do with there's some type of caring capacity there's something that regulates there's something that kind of maintains and keeps it in Balance um so there may be a lack of resources there may be a lack of space there's a lack of something that is keeping this population in check okay um and so now we have this K right here this K stands for carrying capacity so we still have the r being the intrin of gr of increase the N being our population size K being caring capacity minus our population size sides over KB car capacity and I don't know why that says 200 I must have just pulled something earlier um when I was trying to like make the PowerPoint so if a population has 400 individuals with a rate of increase of 0.5 and a caring capacity of 800 how many individuals after two generations so we're looking at the same problem here but now we're looking at that there is a caring capacity there's you can't get past 800 there's just not enough resources there's going to be an increase in competition as you get closer to it okay I forgot to mention that this is that s-shaped curve and so this dotted line right here this is your carrying capacity so as you get closer to the carrying capacity your rate like your uh growth rate is going to decrease you're going to see that there's going to be a smaller DN over DT because this uh numerator here is going to become smaller and so you're going to kind of see that that slope becomes less anyway so let's sub into our equation so our R is 0.5 our n was 400 our K was 800 and then of course our n is 400 divid by 800 and so if we solve this out we would end up with 100 okay and so you already can see a difference between the um exponential growth versus the logistic growth um so 400 plus 100 gives me 500 so after the first generation we're at 500 if we were to do this calculation a second time to figure out the second generation please ignore this one right here it should be a two um we now grow by 75 and so now our population is 500 plus 75 giving me 575 so you can kind of see that um the logistic and that CER capacity is definitely keeping this population in check okay um so there's these different things called density dependent factors um these are are things that are going to kind of limit your population size and then kind of can keep it in check um and it's going to intensify as your population increases okay um so disease is a definite prevalent thing think about like a um densely populated area versus a less densely populated area um you see there's definitely more disease that's going to happen in there because the individual are so close together that there's higher chances of transmission okay on predation if you have more prey of course you're going to see more of the predation of it and then there will be of course the competition there's too many individuals for the space so we're going to send together I don't have a sigma on my board I don't see where you see Sigma sweetheart um but I don't see a sigma anywhere on my page um so density independent factors this is going to affect all the individuals regardless of size okay um so this is something that's going to limit our population so it's some up a human activity um a natural disaster so if a tornado comes through um it doesn't really matter how many individuals are there it's just going to limit them by that okay um so into Community ecology okay so here we see our species diversity okay this is a crazy equation um that I do with my students and it showed up a couple years ago on the uh exam and it was a numeric response before it was on the formula sheet and now it's actually on the formula sheet um and so this is measuring the biodiversity so biodiversity um has a lot to do with um our uh species richness so how many um individuals do we have like how many different species species do I have a species Rich so if there's four different species my species Rich would be four versus like if we're looking at you know a population has two different species in it so um we're going to see it's more diverse if you can have more species rig or higher species Rous we also want to look at the general composition of it so um and the abundance of it so are we looking at that there is a huge amount of one type of species and then just a couple of the other ones or are they more equally spaced um it's better for biodiversity for them to be equally spaced for us to have the more um species in the area Okay so our equation that we have on the formula sheet is 1 minus our Sigma um n over capital n and then that's squared okay so this right here is our summation okay so we're going to add each of the values together okay so each of the individual NS divided by the total individuals um and then we'll square those and then we'll add all of those together so it makes a little more sense when we look at example so let's look at this one so I have a sloth and a penguin of course there's a penguin um the sloth has 18 team this penguin has 13 so that gives me a total of 31 so I'm going to do one minus and then I have my summation and of course the system why I do crazy stuff with these parentheses Just Go With It um and so I've got 18 slots divided by 31 total individuals and I'm going to square that plus the 13 Penguins divided by the 31 total and I'll square that okay so if I do 18 divide by 31 I get 58 if I get 13 divid 31 that gives me 42 I Square each of those that's give me 1us is 34 +8 so that's going to give me my species richness of 48 um more re uh richness and evenness in a community means more diversity yes so the more richness it is and the more even it is it leads to the more biodiversity for the the calculation okay um we also have different relationships that are going occur um and I see this a lot on the exam where they're asking about the interactions of different organisms together um and so predator and prey is going to be a positive and a negative it helps the Predator it hurts the prey um herbivore is also same thing with predor prey but now their prey is some type of photosynthetic material material um and so we've got a plus because the herbivore is gaining resources the negative is for the plant or plant materials that are being consumed um competition is negative negative um if two individuals are in the exact same Niche or Niche however you want to say it um then you're going to find that um they're using those same resources and they are going to one of them is going to either have to change their Niche and do something else um or you're going to go through the competitive exclusion where one of them will now go away um we also have parasitism which is where we have positive negative the parasite can either be an endo parasite be on the inside or an ectoparasite be on the outside again use your preyss to help you out so Endo means in Ecto means out um and then of course mutualism is looking at plus plus so they're going to be equal um both benefiting um there was a question a couple years ago about an obligate versus a facultative obligate um m neutralism means that they're obligated to get to be together they cannot live without the opposite so like a termite a termite has a protozoa that live in its intestines um and the protozoa is what actually can break down the the cellulose because the termite actually can't and so if you were to give a termite antibiotics and kill the protozoa and all the materials that are inside of its gut um then it would actually starve to death because it is obligated to be together okay um thank you for helping each other in the chat by the way um commensalism is going to be positive and zero meaning that one of them is benefited and one of them has no effect okay and I like a lot of them kind of go either way um in terms of like the commensalism um so sometimes there's a a factor that they don't actually know about um but in terms of our lesson we're just going to talk about plus and then no effect um so we also have these keystone species so they're dis proportionate there's going to be you know may not have a large number of them but they have a huge impact on environment that if something was to happen to your kyone species it's going to cause a collapse of the entire ecosystem byebye okay um and so if removed they cause a collapse and so the example we have are our sea erss okay so our sea otters are keystone species and their job well what they do they consume sea urchins okay and sea urchins eat kelp and so the sea otter eating the sea urchins keeps the sea urgent population in check and it makes it so there's not too many sea urgin okay if we were to lose the sea otter and the sea otter goes away that causes the sea urchins to no longer be held in check and then they're going to overgraze this kelp and we lose the kelp forest and so they can be destroying that Kel Force if we see a decrease in our keyone species of our sea otter so last but not least we have our invasive species invasive species are pest if you may okay um they're not indigenous they're not native to the area and because of that when they come into an area there's no natural Predators for them there's nothing that's going to consume there there's nothing going to keep them in check so they go through that exponential growth pattern um and so and they also have unlmited resources um so an example would be the zebra muscle um I have a video that I show with my class um it's like more of an animation anything but it shows like where they started and it kind of shows them all on the river streams kind of taking over um because of the fact that they've been able to fill in is Phantom tax a form of parasitism or mutualism I don't know what Phantom tax is sorry as we Hur um the LI fist is also a venomous species and it's also taking over in the area okay so on to our review our practice questions okay so testosterone oxireductase is a liver enzyme that regulates testosterone levels and alligators one study Compares testosterone o act whatever uh between males and female alligators from Lake Woodruff which is a pristine environment and Lake Apple whatever is an area that is suffered a severe contamination Okay so we've got this contamination in one of them it's perfectly in the other I'm sorry for crying um the graph above depicts the findings of that species I mean of that study okay so we have this graph showing us and they're wanting us to say the data in the graph best supports with the following claims okay so what they're wanting you to do is they want you to use the data to answer the question and so I can kind of look through this and I see this talking about elevating the activity um with contamination okay so let's first kind of look about this and say okay which one is pristine which which one is contaminated okay so this one over here is my contaminated and this one is pristine is in good condition okay so if I look at the females okay I can see that the female air bars do not overlap which means that if we're comparing kind of the level of it I see a reduction in it in the contaminated area okay and I see that in females if I were to look at the males I see that their aor bars do overlap so there's no statistical data to to back this and so that would tell me that my answer would be B okay that the uh contamination is going to reduce the testosterone octave reductase level in our female okay so here's our female and we of course use the data um did find recently after doing some of these review sessions that y'all don't know what I'm talking about when I say that the air bars overlap so let me talk for a second so you can see right here that they both go through this yvalue of 200 if they share y values that means that their air bars are overlapping verus if you look here this one's bottom is at like I don't know 250 260 and this one's Top's at like I don't know 190 or so and so because of that difference their Ys do not kind of overlap so their aor bars don't overlap so this data is statistically significant versus the males are not statistically significant so beet whales feed at various depths but they defecate at the ocean surface nitrogen Rich whale fees deposited surface water supply nutrients for algae that are eaten by surface dwelling fish wait what so a strategy you could use is draw yourself a picture so I've got a whale and the whale is going to defecate which then provides nutrients for my algae yeah that was the best I could come with for an algae sorry and then the algae is going to be food for my fish okay let's keep going which best predicts what would happen if the whale population decreased so if I have less whales so bye-bye whales what's going to happen so come up with what you think on your own so I think without whales that means there's going to be a decrease in nutrients and if there's a decrease in nutrients then I'm probably going to see that the uh algae population is going to see some type of decrease um may not have enough nutrients there's something of that and then that's probably going to cause a decrease the my uh fishies that are supposed to eat my algae okay um and so let's look through there'll be a reduction in surface nitrogen concentration that's logical so Som that we don't have as much of the defecation cool which would cause an alcohol Bloom alcohol blooms are due to having more and too much of the nitrogen so a is out B the surface uh fish populations would decline due to reduced population of algae that is exactly what we came up with on our own we thought of it we said okay well there's less of this so then there's less nutrients for the algae which means there's a decrease in the algae and that would cause a decrease in our fish I like that answer um then it also says we've got our remaining Wells would accumulate mutations how does a decrease in defecation going to cause a mutation now the remaining Wells would be forced to forge the deepest parts of the ocean um all we're looking as the the the defecation and how that affects the other individuals okay um so yes you were right it is B thank you uh sweetheart you did a great job okay um the uh off a question I will answer it at the end okay um so scientists have found that existing population of certain species of amphibians are small in number and lack of genetic diversity and they're separated from each other by wide areas of dry land which following human actions is most likely to improve the long-term survival of an amphibian okay so we're looking for long-term survival um we see that they are lacking genetic diversity so we need to find some way to increase their diversity because we're looking at some type of bottleneck situation okay um and so if I clone the largest individual will that counteract an aggressive predation is that even what I'm talking about reducing population size to 1/ to decrease competition so if I decrease the population even more that's going to add even more to my bottleneck because I'm going to arbitrarily pick individuals and so the new representative uh the new population isn't going to be representative of the original population that's going to be a problem okay um C we're going to construct the dam to irrigate system to control flooding again it there it's a dry area why do I need that to happen or am I going to build a pond in area of dry land to promote inner breeding so if I have um the the slides are not on the PowerPoint but they I mean the slides are not on the website but they will be soon um so if I have a pond in the middle could the amphibian go from one Pond to the next Pond then from that pond to the next Pond and now we're going to increase the amount of gene flow that can take place and because that increase the gene flow that can increase my genetic diversity because this population can now interact with this population which will allow for an increase in their genetic diversity okay so that leads us to D being right good job Sydney um so 2013 um we don't really need to talk about the animal behaviors that are in um A and B though it's more looking at the experimental design part of it um and so in interest of time I was trying to just cut those we've got another I think three more F frqs so I was just trying to not go too far over an hour um so the experiment that's described um is repeated they the big experiment was talking about that they put some glucose at the two ends of a choice chamber um they then inserted a bunch of fruit flies in there and they were observing where the fruit flies were going to go okay so they repeated this experiment in which we put a rip banana at one end and an unrip banana at the other end um we then observed the position of these flies um every 10 minutes I'm sorry every minute for 10 minutes um and so they gave you the data of 1 minute and 10 minutes with the ripe banana the middle and then the unrip banana and you have to perform a Kai Square yes I chose this problem because I knew you all loved Kai Square just as much as my students did when they wrote mean me notes last week about making them do another Kai Square problem so perform a Kai Square test on the data for 10-minute uh time point in the banana experiment and we have to specify the null hypothesis that you're testing and enter the value from calculation into the table and then we're going to explain what that hypothesis means okay so first thing what is a null hypothesis okay a null hypothesis is stating that the um independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable okay and so it's important that you explain based on your experiment okay so since we're looking at the bananas okay the banana has no effect on the position of the fruit flies um there will be an equal distribution of the fruit flies in all three areas you're basically saying that the ripe unripe no banana that that has no effect on where we're going to find them okay so the presence of a banana ripe or unripe has no effect on the location of the Flies in the choice shamp the FES will be equally distributed between the regions of the choice chamber okay and then we have to fill in our chart now this is the chart they gave you okay I personally do not use this type of chart when doing a Ki Square I do one where I pull out each of the components I've Got The observed my expected my observe minus expected my observe minus expected Square my observe minus expected Square over expected and then I add all those together but you're definitely able to use this short little graph okay so what did I observe so I'm looking at after 10 minutes so after 10 minutes there were 45 that were in this kind of ripe banana side there was five in the middle and then there was 12 in the unripe okay that gives us a total of 60 okay yes and any difference that you saw in the location was due to chance um is based on that null um okay so what I expected I expected to have all of them kind of equally distributed so 60 ID 3 is 20 so I would expect there to be 20 in each of the sections and so if you were to do this math and you did 45 - 20 2 divided 20 um you would get 31.25 which is a very large number 3 - 20 2ar over 20 gives you 14.45 12 - 20 2 over 20 gives me 3.2 if you add those together you get 48.9 okay and actually on this exam they didn't care if you got your Ki square calculation correct um they just wanted you to say what that number meant in respect to the table value Okay so we've done the calculation we know what our Kai squares is 48 .9 how does that compare to my table value how does that compare to my critical value okay so since I have three different options I've got the end of the right banana I've got the middle and I've got the end with the unrip banana okay so I've got the three different choices um my degree of freedom is going to be 3 minus one so it's going to be two degrees of freedom so that's going to be uh right here okay so my degree of Freedom I'm do at a 05 P value because that means a 95% um confidence um and gives me 5.99 so how does my value compare to this value okay well my value is very far away and it's very large so my number is larger than the table value so you're going to reject your null hypothesis so at a point at a five um point Sorry at P equals 05 with two degrees of freedom the calculated value is greater than the table or critical value so we will reject the no hypothesis the banana ripeness has an effect on our fly distribution okay so now um you may have heard this from your teacher you may not have heard this from your teacher um the best words to use in terms of an AP Stat or statistics ballpark is fail to reject or reject your n you're not really going to say accept the null um if you look at the past uh papers they have been accepting except the null um but who knows what's going to happen as we you know move forward so it's best to just use correct terminology so if the number that you calculate is less than the table value you're going to fail to reject if the number that you get is greater than the table value you are going to reject the null okay so moving on to another question the table below shows how much each organism in an aquatic ecosystem relies on various food sources the rows represent the organisms in the ecosystem so here's the algae the stonefly the M the hail grits and the candes FES and the columns represents the food source so this is all the stuff that they are consuming as well as the percents um indicates the prop proportional dietary composition of each organism High percents indicate strong dependence on the organism as a food source okay So based on the food sources indicated the table construct a food web on the template so they've given us a template this is similar to what we might see on question five on the exam because question five is going to be some type of template like this um it may not be a food web but it'll be some type of template that you're modifying write the organism names on the appropriate lines and draw the arrows necessary to indicate the energy flow between the organisms and ecosystem okay so here I've got the midgets okay and I know that something is consuming the midgets so what has 100% % consumption of I'm sorry I said that wrong yeah what is 100% consumption um that's looking at the algae um so the midges have 100% consumption of the algae I mentioned it wrong I'm sorry the arrowhead is like you eating anyways so 100% eat the algae so I know my lowest one is algae which I know that because it's a photosynthetic organism okay so what is going to consume the midges now so the midges are being consumed by the stone flies The Hil grits and the Candice flies Okay so I now need to figure out something that's going to consume and maybe algae cuz algae is still down here and that would be my Candace flies so I can see that my Candace flies are going to be next and I'm going to need to draw an arrow from the algae to the Candace flies because they consume algae as well as consuming the midgets okay I then want to say okay well what's going to consume midges and maybe Candace flies um so I can see that the stone flies consume the midges and they consume the Candace flies so I'll draw an arrow from the Candace flies to the stone flies again they're consuming them and the last one I have done is The Hil grits and those ones are going to consume Stone flies midges and Candace FES and so I need to have an arrow from the stone flies to the hail grits as well as from the Candace flies to the hell grits algae Candace flies Stone flies hell grits great job um epic and so you can kind of see that this is what the graph would look like um so I think on this one you got points for having in the right positions and then you had one point um for having your arrows correct so you had to have all these arrows correct in order to have gotten that um second Point Okay so an effort to control the number of midges in an area within the ecosystem they spray the certain fungus um that decreases this Midge population so we have less of these midges they're kind of gone so we now need to figure out well what relies on those midges okay so based on the day on the table predict whether the spring of fungus will have the greatest short-term impact on the stone flies Candace flies or the hell grits okay so which of these things will have the highest impact well they told us in the prompt that a high percent means that there's a strong dependence on it so which one has the highest percent I is definitely in the wrong spot I'm sorry we need to be circling the sorry when I copied and pasted over I must have um missed that rotating on that one okay so which one has the highest in the midges that's going to of course be our Stone flies so we would see that our Stone flies are going to have the highest percent um because there's the highest dependence on them over the helmet hell grits and the canis flies you could also use numbers you can say the are 90% of the stone fly 30% of the canis fly and 10% of the H grits diet um so you could then show that it would be the the uh Stone flies that would be the most impacted so onto our last FR frq so some birds including our great spotted cucko lay their eggs in the nest of other birds such as the Reed warblers Reed warbler parents raise unrelated chicks and provide them with food that would otherwise be given to their biological Offspring so what's happening our warbler parents are going to feed these cuckoo birds that have been just placed in their nest okay the research and kest investigation determined the type of relationship between warblers and cucko in enir without Predators researcher found that the nest containing only warblers were more likely to be successful than Nest containing warblers and cucko duh they're giving food to the other organism instead of their own kids a successful Nest is defined as a nest where at least one chick becomes an adult warbler in some Geographic areas several species of Nest predators are present researchers have found that the uh cucko chicks while in the nest produce a smelly substance that deters Nest Predators so the cucko are going to release some chemical and that chemical caus is Predators not to attack the nest the substance does not remain in the nest if the cucko are removed wait a minute so if I take the cuckoo out it's not still there oh okay figure one shows the uh probability why is that off on the side whatever probability that the nest contains only warblers and contain both warblers and cucko will be successful in the environment with predators in a follow-up experiment researchers added a cuckoo to the nest that contained only something warblers and remov N warblers and cuckoo okay um so I guess I double the picture okay um so here we can kind of see that image right there so describe the symbolic relationship that exists between the cuckoo and the warbler in an environment without Predators so when the Predators are not there the warbler is feeding the cuckoo instead of its own offspring so wait a minute one of them is positively impacted one of them is negatively impacted oh it's a predator okay so the C sorry not pred it's parasite the cucko are a parasite okay they're taking all the food from the Warblers Okay so and though the cuckoo is benefited the warbler is harmed okay um because if you kind of recall the cuckoo lay their eggs in the nest of Warblers warbler parents raise unrelated chicks and provide them with food that would otherwise be given to their own offspring okay and then here we're supposed to on this template draw bars in the appropriate location um to predict the relative probability of the success of a nest in the presence of a predator okay so here I have only warblers and if I add cuckoo birds to it the cuckoo birds we said are going to release a chemical that chemical is going to inhibit the Predators and it's going to cause them not to want to attack okay um and so we're going to see that the cuckoo added is going to increase the nest probability I'm sorry success okay because of the fact that we're going to have less Predators attacking it okay versus if I remove the cuckoo it told me that the scent went away with the cuckoo so if I take the cucko bird out of the nest this going to be attacked more and so we're going to see a decrease so as long as the bar you drew was higher than this bar as long as this bar that you drew was lower than this bar you got credit for this so there wasn't like a specific number that you had to have I just arbitrarily put these bars on here just to signify greater greater or less than okay and then part c um as epic has already told us uh the symic relationship that exists between the cucko and the warbler in the presence of the Predator is going to be mutualism because the fact that they um warbler is going to get um kind of protection from predators um while the cuckoo is going to get food okay um so uh now is our Q&A moment so if you have any questions you could go ahead and throw them into the chat um while I tell you a couple things because I know there is a little bit of a a lag between you and me um so real quick a reminder I'm going to be doing a cram session on Saturday on my YouTube account um so Saturday the 11th so literally away from today at 3:00 we're going to go live I'm going to do a review session going over of course anything that I can come up with is probably going to be a quick review of all the units and I will talk as fast as I'm talking today if not faster um and then on Wednesday 5:15 I'm doing a cram session with Marco learning okay I'm going to be honest with you it's probably going to be a very similar session the only differen is would be students questioning um and so um you can go to either of those sessions and still get um help from them um this one gives you more time to do something with that help this one gives you less time um but again it is a.m. in your exam isn't until what for no 16 hours later CU it's at noon the next day so you got plenty of time um also other resources as already said Marco learning I've got all of the videos with Marco learning you can check out any of their stuff um if you check out the same stuff on my page I get the views so you know there's always that Advantage um absolute recap is when my friends melie King it she's also going to be doing some live streams so check out her page she's got a bunch of live stuff that can help you um and then et.com um so if you are you know wanting some type of session that can kind of help you to practice um you'll answer questions you then Mark this little symbol and say whether you um you know how you feel about it and then it's going to give you some information about it and you can Mark if it's correct or incorrect um if it's correct it's going to kind of put that one on the back burner If it's incorrect it's going to keep giving you that question um each day um they also have uh I think it's US history with heimler and they've uh integrated some of his videos into it um I think it's US History yeah and so like whenever you are done like and you get the the feedback they've in graded these different videos so if you're an a push that also can help you with that you know I'm all about free stuff and so they' got of course free resources for you okay so back to the Q&A oh yeah don't follow all my don't forget to follow all the accounts so in terms of our Q&A so somebody asked earlier about um difference between positive and negative feedback so POS not feedback they said about controls okay so your negative control is going to be the one that doesn't have the treatment group okay um and so we're going to be seeing that it's going to have um like it's going to what we're going to compare to see does the treatment do something okay um versus a positive control is going to be the one that we know is going to happen um so good example I can use would be your uh transformation experiment um in which you were trying to transform bacteria to make it antibiotic resistant and so you had the bacteria um and you did not give it the um the the plasmid and you didn't grow it in the presence of the antibiotic and it grew that would be your negative control it doesn't have the treatment goup and of course this is ensuring that the bacteria is viable that I did nothing to the bacteria in this process the positive control in this experiment would be the one without the plasmid um in the presence of the antibiotic it should not have grown in the presence of the antibiotic I know this for fact so I'm confirming does it like does it not grow because then I can compare that to with plasmid in the presence of the antibiotic and I can say oh it was the plasmid and only the plasmid that allowed it to grow and so it allows you to kind of determine what in the experiment was leading to the results okay um so different question we have what is the difference between parasitism and Predator prey Predator prey is one consuming the other um versus parasitism is going to be usually taking resources um and so like a flea is a ectoparasite it's going to get onto the surface of your uh your animal your cat your dog your whatever and it actually sucks its blood and takes nutrients from it um a tapeworm is an um endoparasite um as you digest food it just takes your nutrients from you so it just steals from you okay um do our F frq answers have to be on point with the an um no there's something called kidspe and so like as long as we can understand that you know what you're talking about and you've answered the right question and then you can usually get credit um what you see is a scoring guideline you're not seeing a rubric so we have these things called table notes and so there's additional things that we accept that may not be on those um because the fact that we're looking at your kids speak um we're trying to make sure that you know the content and not because you don't have some big Advanced degree in biology over this information okay um General CH can you describe questions on the FR frq packet earlier said okay so um if you want to know the actual set down up of the frqs I would number one go to the 2021 through 2023 frqs and you can look at what they look like um but the CED will map out exactly how everyone's going to be um so the first question is going to be some type of uh experimental question they're designed something you're going to pull some information from the experiment um with their results um the past three years has been a self commmunication question so I think that it might be another self communication question if not there's going to be a self communication question somewhere on this exam that's one of my predictions um the second question you're going to have to graph 100% you have to graph students um often times mess up in terms of that um they don't scale their axis correctly if you're running short on time scale your axis and um put the uh the labels on it you should at least get one point there you'll get another point for plotting points you'll get another Point probably for your air bar or just having the right graph um so a lot of students screw up on what type of graph it is so if you have linear data it's a line graph if you have um categorical data it's a bar graph and if you have three sets of data like and you're looking at individual like individuals and then two things that you're seeing the connection between them that's a scatter plot so there're slightly different graphs that can have um bar and whisker is on the uh CED as a graph you need to be able to do it's never been on the exam before but that doesn't mean you won't have to potentially graph it this year um the third question is usually some type of experimental design question it was enzymes a couple years ago um but it's usually some type of gate analysis the fourth question um I don't have them all memorized the fifth question is going to be where you're going to have to annotate a graph one of them was an invasive species question um one last year was a phenetic tree and you had to put the different traits on the tree um I don't remember what the other one was um but there was a oh it was a you were drawing Little Fishies into like a experiment I think you were seeing the um if they were like seagrass and you were drawing the experimental design um and then the sixth question is literally data analysis um and so the past two years like I've told students you could just go to the sixth question and pull out the data from the graph and that can be some quick easy points um okay so can I go through the phases of succession um so like you have your primary your pineer species which are going to be the ones that kind of get everything started um and then after that that once they deteriorate you've got the E uh the bacteria that's going to break them down adding more nutrients to the soil that's allowing you to get um kind of larger and larger and then as those bigger canopy trees kind of come and they shed light it kind of decreases some of that um so primary succession has to do with that there is no soil um secondary sucession means that there is soil so if we were to have a fire that like wiped out a certain area um then you're going to see that um we' be dealing with secondary succession instead of primary succession um okay so what else we got how many do you need for passing score um based on the uh kind of released one we have for the 2020 exam I think it's like a 50 something percent I don't have it memorized because I don't have you to have the goal to just get a three I want you to get five remember a b PS add address success okay um what is the percentage transfer the percentage transfer is um 10 um I cannot go over file genetic graphs because the fact that well this is a unit 8 video um and um I have tons of them on my uh website where I've gone through each of those are there any other questions that we have dealing with ecology if not I'm going to log off because I have plans today okay so it doesn't look like we have any other questions um so