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What bones and joints are involved in the typical anatomy of the fingers (excluding the thumb)?
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Each finger has a proximal, middle, and distal phalanx, along with a metacarpal bone. Joints include the metacarpophalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal joint, and distal interphalangeal joint.
Describe the palmar aponeurosis and its clinical significance.
The palmar aponeurosis originates from the tendon of the palmaris longus and can lead to Dupuytren's contracture, causing flexion deformities in the fingers.
Which carpal bones are found in the distal row from the palmar view?
The distal row of carpal bones includes Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, and Trapezium.
Explain the clinical relevance of the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome.
The median nerve controls sensory and motor functions in the thumb, index, and middle fingers. Compression of this nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome results in numbness, paresthesia, and pain, predominantly affecting females.
Describe the flexor retinaculum and its connections in the wrist.
The flexor retinaculum connects the hook of hamate and trapezium. It forms the roof of the carpal tunnel and structures like the median nerve and various tendons pass beneath it.
What is a trigger finger, and which aspect of movement does it affect?
Trigger finger is caused by localized thickening of long flexor tendons within the fibrous sheath, restricting finger movement, typically affecting flexion between the metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx.
What mnemonic can help remember the eight carpal bones?
The mnemonic is: 'So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb' - Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium.
What structures run superficial to the flexor retinaculum?
Superficial structures include the tendon of palmaris longus, ulnar artery, ulnar nerve, and the palmar cutaneous branches of the ulnar and median nerves.
What tendons attach to the middle and distal phalanges in the fingers?
The flexor digitorum superficialis attaches to the middle phalanx and flexes the proximal interphalangeal joint, while the flexor digitorum profundus attaches to the distal phalanx and flexes the distal interphalangeal joint.
Which tendon is associated with the flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint?
The tendon of the flexor digitorum superficialis flexes the proximal interphalangeal joint.
Which tendon is involved in flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint?
The tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus flexes the distal interphalangeal joint.
How many metacarpal and phalange bones are in the hand?
There are 5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges in the hand. Fingers have proximal, middle, and distal phalanges, while the thumb has only proximal and distal phalanges.
What structures run deep to the flexor retinaculum?
Deep structures include the median nerve, tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis, tendons of flexor digitorum profundus, and the tendon of flexor pollicis longus.
List and differentiate the bones in the proximal row of the wrist from the palmar view.
The proximal row of carpal bones includes Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, and Pisiform.
What bones make up the forearm, and where is the radial artery located?
The forearm consists of the ulna (medial) and the radius (lateral). The radial artery is located on the lateral side.
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