hey everybody and welcome to the first video for chapter 29 which is also the first video for unit 5 which are going to be starting with this chapter on industrialization and global integration which is a very fancy phrasing for kind of the beginning of our modern era in the 18th and 19th century so we'll start off with unit 5 with chapter 29 revolutions and national states sometimes you also see this chapter 2 as the age of revolutions and would be going to be talking about major revolutions that took place in Europe and the Americas the most notable being the French and the American revolutions but these revolutions then had direct influence on smaller revolutions such as the one in Haiti and also numerous ones in South America led by Simon Bolivar they also challenged long-held notions regarding individual rights in the liberties now in this first video we'll be discussing how this age began with the Enlightenment and revolution now the French Revolution falls into the same heading as the Enlightenment and American Revolution in the textbook but it's a pretty lengthy topic so I'm deciding to break up the videos the first video will cover the Enlightenment and the American Revolution and video number two we'll get into the French Revolution all right so let's talk first about the Enlightenment now we already discussed the Enlightenment a bit in chapter 24 and the Enlightenment was a name given to an intellectual and philosophical moment in a late 17th early 18th centuries you had philosophers like John Locke Voltaire jean-jacques Rousseau and they challenged long-held beliefs that the old system of hierarchical monarchies where power was derived not from the will of the people but from some form of divine right or mandate of heaven well these were viewed now as being antiquated or in some cases outright immoral a different view of sovereignty emerged that of what we call popular sovereignty now john locke was the most influential thinker in this area his second treatise of civil government how the people were born with certain inalienable rights not by the you know God's will or them you know Mandate of Heaven or anything like that but by what he called the consent of the governed right it's the people here that allow this guy to stay in power this in essence removes sovereignty from the rulers and gave it to the people now Enlightenment thinkers also advocated for individual freedoms Voltaire was the big name in this field since he was a big time advocate for freedom of speech and also for ending religious persecute persecution now a lot of thinkers also called for political and legal equality they took ideas to trace back to ancient Greece and Rome and progress them to that all individuals should be equal before the law the big name here was jean-jacques rousseau let me move unless you can see the full quote here no man has any natural authority over his fellow man which was a very very revolutionary concept at the time in his book the social contract or so argued that members of society were the collective sovereign an ideal societies one in which everyone participated directly in creating laws and policy now these laws weren't just being tossed around the salons of Paris or the halls of London they eventually spread throughout Europe and across the Atlantic to the British colonies in North America and that brings us to the American Revolution now here's the deal with the American Revolution you have to know the information from the textbook for the purpose of the exam we take but you're in class I mean but you're not going to see anything about the American Revolution on the global regions and chances are that if you see anything on the AP World exam it will just be in how it's connected to the Enlightenment because of this I'm only going to give it a very very quick overview the rest you'll learn about next year in US history so the revolution has roots in the Seven Years War or the French and Indian Wars it was known in North America now this is what North America looked like in 1763 at the end of the war you can see all the direct British colonies you can see areas reserved for Native Americans you can see Spain still controlled an awful lot but we're really just focusing on the relationship between Britain and France and France has pretty much gone from North America so all along the Atlantic coast this is all controlled by the British so they emerge as the dominant power but they spent a lot of money in beating back France France spent a lot of money as well we'll get to that when we talk about the French Revolution so what do you do if you need to raise more money you start imposing taxes and these are direct taxes Parliament passed a bunch of Acts to do this I'm sure you guys have heard of these in elementary school and middle school you've got your Sugar Act the Stamp Act the Tea Act etc and colonists were very angered by this and they responded with the famous phrase of no taxation without representation you know they boycotted several of these acts such as the Boston Tea Party and so forth or they would respond very violently as this political cartoon shows of tarring and feathering tax collectors and what they would do is they would pour scalding tea down his throat as a form of torture eventually fighting did break out between the two sides and after this the colonists drafted the Declaration of Independence right now written by Thomas Jefferson enter a very strong inspiration from Enlightenment ideals especially those of John Locke excuse me it is sort of that all men are created equal with certain unalienable rights life liberty pursuit of happiness now besides the changing of property to pursuit of happiness that's pretty much word for word from Locke so anyway war breaks out and the British have a big advantage of paper they have a much bigger military their better supply better trained etc America had its own advantages though they were on they had a home-field advantage you know knowing the terrain they had their own excellent leaders like g-dubs George Washington and they had they had the support of an awful lot of European countries who really wanted to see Britain knock down a couple pegs France and particularly lent a lot of support to the colonists and again well you know that'll come up with the French Revolution so after a number of years of fighting the British just decided that it's not worth it to hold on to these colonies anymore and cheat and keep shipping supplies and troops across the Atlantic and so the war ends in 1781 and the Peace of Paris is signed in 1783 now comes the tricky part of building a new republic you know the Revolution started on enlightened principles now it that it was over it would have been the utmost hypocrisy to abandon those principles with independence so a new constitution was drawn up that incorporated a lot of these principles it vested sovereignty in the people somewhat you know again you guys will learn more about that next year it separated power among the three branches of government which result was a big fan of and in a late addition to keep all parties happy it granted significant civil liberties especially for that time to the people through the Bill of Rights right freedom of speech from religion freedom of press assembly and so forth now not everyone benefited slavery still existed you know you guys learn about the three-fifths compromise only men who owned land could vote Native Americans were royally screwed with this but still it said an ideal for later generations to aspire towards and the struggle for equality still continues to this day okay so but about the Enlightenment very very quick overview about the American Revolution and then in the next video we're going to get into the French Revolution