Understanding Heart Attacks

Introduction

• 7 million global deaths from heart attacks annually.
• Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide.

Causes of Heart Attacks

• Heart requires oxygen; insufficient oxygen leads to heart attacks.
• Fatty deposits (plaques) form on coronary arteries, blocking blood flow.
• Plaques can become hardened, chunky, or inflamed over time.
• Plaque rupture leads to blood clot formation, causing complete blockage of arteries.
• Myocardial infarction occurs when blood flow is cut off to cardiac muscle, leading to cell death.

Symptoms of Heart Attacks

• Common symptom: Chest pain (described as crushing or vice-like).
• Pain may radiate to:
  • Left arm
  • Jaw
  • Back
  • Abdomen
• Other symptoms: Nausea, shortness of breath, weakness, and tiredness, especially in women and elderly.
• Diabetics may experience silent heart attacks due to nerve damage.

Emergency Response

• Quick response is critical.
• Call emergency services for immediate medical attention.
• Aspirin (blood thinner) and nitroglycerin (artery opener) can help prevent worsening.

Diagnosis and Treatment

• Diagnosis:
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) to measure heart's electrical activity.
  • Blood tests to assess heart muscle damage.
• Procedures:
  • Angioplasty: Balloon inflation to reopen blocked arteries.
  • Stenting: Insertion of metal or polymer stent to keep artery open.
  • Coronary artery bypass surgery: Rerouting blood flow using veins/arteries from other body parts.

Prevention

• Genetics and lifestyle impact heart attack risks.
• Lifestyle changes can lower risk:
  • Regular exercise (aerobic and strength training).
  • Healthy diet: Low in sugar and saturated fats.
  • Recommended foods:
    • Fiber-rich vegetables
    • Chicken and fish
    • Whole grains and nuts (walnuts, almonds)
• Maintaining a healthy weight is crucial for risk reduction.

Medications

• Doctors may prescribe low-dose aspirin, especially for high-risk individuals.
• Manage risk factors (high blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes) with appropriate medications.

Conclusion

• Heart attacks are common but preventable.
• Emphasize a healthy lifestyle:
  • Balanced diet
  • Avoid tobacco
  • Regular exercise
  • Adequate sleep and stress relief (laughter).