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Electronic Circuits 1: Introduction to Electronics and Semiconductor Physics
Jul 21, 2024
Electronic Circuits 1: Introduction
Instructor: Behzad Razavi
Course Goals
Build a foundation for the analysis and design of electronic circuits.
Focus:
Introduction to electronics and semiconductor physics.
Key Topics Covered
Basic Circuit Theory Recap
Circuit Theorems: KVl, KCl, Norton Equivalent, Thevenin Equivalent.
Components:
Resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers.
Limited applications due to the small number of simple components.
Introduction to Electronics
Additional Components: Diodes, Transistors (Bipolar & MOS), Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps).
Open up new opportunities for complex and useful circuits.
Semiconductor Physics
Importance:
Essential to understanding how electronic devices operate.
Key Concepts from Physics and Chemistry: Atomic structure, electron movement, bonding, and energy levels.
Course Outline
Semiconductor Physics: Foundation for all devices.
Go over the creation and properties of semiconductors.
Diode Basics: Construction, working principles, and modeling.
Diode applications and circuits.
Transistor Basics: Bipolar and MOS transistors, operational principles, and modeling.
Circuit design involving these transistors.
Op-Amp Basics: Operational principles and applications in circuits.
Frontiers in Electronics: Real-life applications and examples.
E.g., overview of cell phone operation, transmitter-receiver principles.
Subjects in Semiconductor Physics (Intro)
Atomic Structure and Electronic Bonds:
Understanding nucleus, electrons, and valence electrons.
Silicon's behavior due to its four valence electrons, forming a lattice or crystal structure.
Silicon Crystal and Conduction:
Behavior at absolute zero vs. finite temperature.
Presence of free electrons contributing to current conduction.
Important Equations: Density of free electrons depends on temperature and material (e.g., silicon, germanium).
Charge Carriers
Basic Principles:
Electrons and holes as charge carriers, movement mechanism.
Conduction Mechanism:
How holes and electrons contribute differently to conduction.
Electrons are generally faster than holes due to the release and trap mechanism in holes.
Important Concepts:
Energy Bandgap:
Different for various materials (e.g., silicon vs. germanium).
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Silicon: Concepts of pure and doped silicon.
Doping with phosphorus (donor atoms) to increase conductivity.
Carrier Density Modification: Changing number of free electrons and holes in silicon.
Doping Levels:
Lightly vs. heavily doped silicon and the impact on free electron density.
Maintaining Charge Balance:
Product of electron and hole densities remains constant.
Understanding Electronics Through Examples
Cell Phone Example: Basic transmitter and receiver principles.
Antenna, amplifier, modulator, carrier signal, oscillator, power amplifier, low noise amplifier are key components.
Next Steps
Dive deeper into semiconductor physics and corresponding applications in electronic circuits.
Further explore practical applications to understand the relevance to daily life.
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Full transcript