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Explain the concept of effective nuclear charge and its trend in the periodic table.
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Effective nuclear charge is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-electron atom, increasing from left to right and bottom to top across the periodic table.
What did Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment reveal about atomic structure?
Rutherford's gold foil experiment discovered the nucleus, indicating that atoms have a dense central core.
Summarize Dalton's Atomic Theory.
Dalton's Atomic Theory includes: 1) Elements are made of atoms. 2) Atoms of the same element are identical. 3) Compounds are combinations of different atoms. 4) Chemical reactions are rearrangements of atoms.
Differentiate between atomic number (Z) and mass number (A).
The atomic number (Z) is the number of protons in the nucleus, while the mass number (A) is the total number of protons and neutrons.
What naming conventions are used for binary covalent compounds?
Binary covalent compounds use prefixes like mono, di, and tri to denote the number of each type of atom.
What was J.J. Thomson's contribution to atomic theory?
J.J. Thomson discovered electrons using cathode ray tubes.
What is the significance of electronegativity in covalent bonding?
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a bond, affecting bond polarity.
Explain the difference between cations and anions.
Cations are positively charged ions, whereas anions are negatively charged ions.
How are acids with and without oxygen named differently?
Acids without oxygen use the prefix 'hydro-' and suffix '-ic'. Acids with oxygen use '-ic' for '-ate' anions and '-ous' for '-ite' anions.
How are binary ionic compounds named?
Binary ionic compounds are named by stating the cation first, followed by the anion, with the anion taking the root of the element's name with an '-ide' ending.
Describe the Law of Definite Proportions.
Compounds always contain the same proportion of elements by mass.
What does the Law of Conservation of Mass entail in a chemical reaction?
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Describe how transition metals forming Type 2 binary ionic compounds are named.
They are named with the metal name followed by a Roman numeral indicating the cation's charge.
How does the Law of Multiple Proportions apply when two elements form more than one compound?
The masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other are in a ratio of small whole numbers.
How does ionization energy trend across the periodic table?
Ionization energy increases as you move from left to right and from bottom to top across the periodic table.
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