Lecture Notes: पीरियोडिक टेस्ट मैराथन

Introduction

• Celebration of World Cup Win
• Periodic Test Marathon
• Instructions: No breaks, keep session short and effective
• Share session with friends

Main Topics Covered

1. Three Chapters Focus

a. Basic Chemistry

• Importance of basic concepts for advanced topics like Acids, Bases, Salts, Metals, Non-Metals

b. Basic Physics

c. Basic Biology

2. Types of Changes

a. Physical Change

• Example: Ice to Water (No new substance formed)
• Changes in color, state

b. Chemical Change

• Example: Respiration (New compounds formed)
• Breathing is physical; Respiration is chemical
• Example: Melting and Burning of Candle

3. Chemical Reactions and Equations

• Definition and importance
• Reactants and Products
• Types and characteristics

4. Activity-based Learning

• NCERT Activities (Magnesium Ribbon, Zinc in HCl)
• Tests for Hydrogen Gas (Pop sound)
• Evolution of gas, color change, state change

5. Types of Reactions

a. Combination Reaction

• Example: CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ (Exothermic)

b. Decomposition Reaction

• Thermal, Electrolytic, Photochemical
• Examples and detailed processes

c. Displacement Reaction

• Single and double
• Reactivity series

6. Chemical Reactions and Balancing

• Steps to balance equations
• Hit and trial method
• Examples and practice problems

7. Reflection and Refraction of Light

• Reflection: Incident ray, reflected ray, normal
• Laws of Reflection: Incident ray = Reflected ray
• Refraction: Bending of light when passing through different mediums
• Laws of Refraction & Snell’s Law

8. Types of Mirrors and Lens

a. Spherical Mirrors

• Concave and Convex
• Terms: Pole, principal axis, focus, and center of curvature
• Characteristics and uses of Concave and Convex Mirrors

b. Image formation

• Concave Mirror: 6 cases
• Convex Mirror: 2 cases

c. Lens

• Types, image formation, and characteristics
• Lens formula and magnification

9. Life Processes

a. Nutrition

• Autotrophic (Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis)
• Heterotrophic (Holozoic, Saprophytic, Parasitic)

b. Respiration

• Differences between Breathing and Respiration
• Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
• Types, processes, and outcomes

c. Circulation

• Blood, blood vessels, and the heart
• Double circulation

d. Excretion

• Excretory system in humans (Kidneys, nephron)
• Excretion in plants (Gums, resins)

Key Points to Remember

• Reactions: Examples and types
• Chemical equations: Steps to balance
• Snell's Law: Application and calculations
• Characteristics and uses of mirrors and lenses
• Life processes: importance and examples
• Periodic test dates and preparation tips

Conclusion

• Encouragement and motivation to continue learning
• Interactive Q & A sessions
• Fun elements like pranks and jokes
• Promise to focus, work hard, and make sessions enjoyable