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Explain the significance of sister chromatids.
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Sister chromatids are two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome, important for ensuring each new cell receives a complete set of chromosomes during cell division.
How are nitrogenous bases in DNA held together?
Nitrogenous bases in DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds forming base pairs between A-T and C-G.
What role does helicase play in DNA replication?
Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix, preparing it for replication.
What is the function of ligase in DNA replication?
Ligase seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.
What are the components of the DNA structure?
DNA is composed of a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
Compare the structural features of a chromosome before and after replication.
Before replication, a chromosome is a single DNA molecule. After replication, it consists of two identical sister chromatids.
Define 'chromatid'.
A chromatid is each half of the duplicated chromosome.
What does it mean that DNA replication is semi-conservative?
Semi-conservative replication means each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one new strand.
Describe the synthesis process on the lagging strand.
DNA synthesis on the lagging strand is discontinuous, forming short sequences known as Okazaki fragments.
How does DNA polymerase function in DNA replication?
DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA by adding nucleotides that complement the original strand.
Define 'chromosome'.
A chromosome is a long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes.
What is the principle of base pairing in DNA?
In DNA, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G).
Describe the synthesis process on the leading strand.
DNA synthesis on the leading strand is continuous.
Explain why DNA duplication is necessary before cell division.
DNA duplication is necessary to ensure that each new cell receives an accurate and complete set of genetic information through chromosomes.
What challenges are associated with synthesizing the lagging strand?
The lagging strand requires more enzymes and complex processes to synthesize the discontinuous Okazaki fragments.
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