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What genetic translocations are associated with prognosis in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?
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T(9;22) correlates with poor prognosis, while T(12;21) is generally associated with a good prognosis, also known as the "mirror" translocation.
Why is it important for healthcare providers to be ethically ready and well-informed when dealing with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia cases?
Healthcare providers dealing with ALL cases need to be ethical and well-informed due to the complex nature of the disease and treatment implications.
What are some ethical considerations in the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?
Ethical considerations include legal implications when guardians refuse treatment for minors and the importance of preserving fertility in young adult patients undergoing treatment.
What is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and why is it more common in younger patients?
ALL is a type of blood cancer originating from lymphoid cells in bone marrow. It is more common in younger patients due to the immaturity of lymphoblasts involved.
What are common symptoms of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?
Symptoms include painless lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, testicular enlargement, neurological symptoms like headaches, skin abnormalities, and bone pain.
Why is CNS prophylaxis critical in the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?
CNS prophylaxis is critical due to the poor penetration of chemotherapy across the blood-brain barrier.
What diagnostic markers are commonly found in ALL cells?
ALL cells often test positive for Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT) and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS), with varying CD markers including CD10 (CALLA).
What additional considerations are involved in the diagnosis and treatment of Young Adult ALL?
Additional considerations include testicular enlargement as a symptom, similar lab requirements as in pediatric cases, and sperm preservation due to fertility implications.
How do early diagnosis and treatment adherence impact the prognosis of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?
Early diagnosis and adherence to treatment protocols significantly improve prognosis for ALL patients.
What are the symptom presentations and diagnosis considerations for Childhood ALL?
Symptoms include fatigue, mucosal bleeding in a genetically abnormal male. Diagnosis requires high blast cell percentage in bone marrow and elevated WBC count.
How is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia classified based on differentiation stages?
ALL is classified into Pre-B, B, and T types based on differentiation stages, each with specific genetic markers and prognostic implications.
What are the key genetic associations and markers in the classification of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?
Genetic associations include translocations like T(9;22) for poor prognosis and T(12;21) for better prognosis. CD markers like CD10 (CALLA) vary with specific types.
What are some risk factors associated with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?
Risk factors include genetic predispositions like Down syndrome, previous exposure to chemotherapy or radiation, and environmental exposures to certain substances.
Describe the treatment approach for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
Treatment involves induction phase to reduce cell count, followed by consolidation and maintenance phases, with critical CNS prophylaxis due to poor chemotherapy penetration.
How does ALL disrupt normal bone marrow function?
ALL leads to overproduction of immature lymphoblasts that replicate without maturing, overwhelming the bone marrow and causing a lack of healthy blood cells (pancytopenia).
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