all right we are now on to chapter 2 this is the first chapter that actually has you know medical terms to learn so as we work through I'm going to kind of orient you to how the chapter is laid out because every chapter that comes after this is going to be laid out in the exact same way this chapter is a little bit of a hodgepodge just because it's not one particular body system but it's gonna orient you to the body structures the different colors that are associated with medical conditions and then it also lumps in oncology which is the you know tumors and cancer related studies so we're going to kind of dive into that the first thing we that every chapter is gonna do is give you a very brief kind of anatomy lesson it's one thing to know medical terms but if you don't know you know where to apply those terms in the body then it's gonna be a little bit difficult so it the very first part of every book is going to kind of go through a few tables that orient you to the key body parts you're working with from this chapter just does a loose version for the whole body so there's different levels of organization so you know your smallest basic unit of a living cell is the cell you can't get much smaller than that and then when you have a system of cells working together then that becomes a tissue and when you have a series of tissues working together then that can make an organ like a heart and then when you have organs working together then you can create a system which in our case it's either you know cardiovascular system or it could be the body as a whole as a system and I'm telling you this because there are going to be medical terms associated with these words as we move through can you think of the different types of tissues that you have in your body thinking about groups of cells that work together as a common function what the was different body tissues are think for a moment the ones that we're gonna focus on in this class are centered around four main areas so muscle tissue whose job is to provide movement you can see muscle tissue as an example on the bottom right hand corner you can see the striations for those of you who have taken anatomy and physiology you are much more in tune to the specifics then we have nervous tissue you can see these neurons here they are responsible for coordinating our movement connective tissue is the third pictured here and that is you know the structural support for our different body structures and then the last is epithelial tissue so this is what we think of as our skin but it also lines our body cavities and organs and things like that so those are the four main areas we're going to focus on there will be some medical terms that go with each one of them that we'll get to all right this book is going to cover different body systems so I want you to take a minute and think about what your different body systems are we're gonna be focusing on eleven can you think of eleven I'll give you some seconds to figure that out well I'm hoping you came up with at least five or more hmm so here they are there is a table in your book starting on page 19 that kind of goes through what the different body systems are and what their main job is as well as the organs that you know live inside that system we have integumentary so that's your skin your hair your nails respitory which you know it's responsible for giving you oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide urinary system so obviously getting rid of the waste reproductive system there is going to be a chapter dedicated to the male reproductive system and the female reproductive system there's also a chapter dedicated to obstetrics which is you know pregnant women and their newborn babies so I guess that could be lumped under you know reproduction as well cardiovascular so that's your heart and your blood vessels immune so fighting diseases your lymphatic system again is also for fighting infection also drainage digestive self-explanatory breaking down your food here this book combines muscular and skeletal together into musculoskeletal kind of as an overall structural support kind of thing and then we have the nervous system and the endocrine system which is that system of hormones that regulate your activities here's a good diagram to know this is the different body cavities organized so the it's taken straight from you know your book on page 20 hmm different organs live in different body cavities and it's important when one doctor or nurse is talking to another that you are on the same page with organization of the body so at the very top you have the cranial cavity that holds your brain makes sense cranial means pertaining to the cranium or the skull then you have the spinal cavity which is where your spinal cord in between your vertebrae you have the thoracic cavity the thoracic cavity is basically your thorax inside this cavity it goes all the way down to this natural barrier think about what that might be hopefully you are saying that that is your diaphragm but above that you can think about what's above your diaphragm this is what goes down when you breathe in and up when you breathe out you have your heart and your lungs up here and then down here there's no natural space dividing these two areas it's kind of a little bit more fluid but there's the abdominal cavity which has you know your stomach your intestines kidneys pancreas things like that and then if you go a little bit farther down we have the pelvic cavity which is where your pelvis bone is our pelvic bone or pelvic area your hips and that's really where we consider the bladder and your reproductive organs a little bit of the intestines and so on is down here again there's no barrier so sometimes we do refer to this as the abdominal pelvic cavity just kind of combining those together so those are the different cavities of the body organization you can see a little bit how it's labeled in bigger terms we're gonna learn body direction in chapter 3 but ventral means stomach so all of these are on the forefront all of these are on the front area so that's why they're called ventral again we'll learn this in chapter 3 dorsal like a dorsal fin on a shark is on the back so dorsal means back cavities in this case the cranial and spinal cavities I've put together a couple of slides that again just say what I said if you want to go back you can look at them of what organs are where I'm not gonna specifically test you on this but it's it's just a good idea to understand where different things are all right so that's body organization and now we're getting to our very first slide of medical terms in this case we're gonna look at body structure a lot of those key terms that I went over that are anatomy related we now have a medical term for you're going to notice that all of these are in the combining form version so they have the word root and then they have the slash and then they have the O this is going to be the way that you write everything for the most part in the book on the test unless I specifically tell you otherwise but usually you're going to see the words combining form so I'm going to go through these and then what I would recommend is pause the PowerPoint take a break and work on these exercises before you move on throughout the powerpoints I always kind of put what exercise these words go with and if it helps if it's helpful kind of work through listen then do the exercise listen some more then do the exercise this table of words you're going to be able to find on page 22 of your book and a demo is Glan so it's not a very specific term you have lots of glands in your body but that's what it means a dyno saito like cytoplasm for example so I know means cell so if you're talking about that cellular level of organization or a specific cell saito epithelial take a guess that means epithelium when in doubt it's basically the first part of the definition so if you have no idea what the medical term is just kind of use the first part of the word and hope for the best fibro means a fiber oftentimes that's used to talk about you know muscle fibers for example or a rough fibrous growth histo means tissue so that tissue level of organization histology is the study of tissues so you know if you want to be a histology where you get to kind of look at tissue slides all day that might be something you carry o means nucleus so carry o are for example cells that have a nucleus which is why there are pro carry oats and eukaryotes thinking back to biology once upon a time Pro meaning before so before nucleus and then eukaryote you means a true or has one thinking of how those connect lipo or Lippo you could say it either way means fast so liposuction is always the one that I can easily think of but there can be growths and things like that Myo means muscle neuro means nerve I feel like those are common organo organelle means organ not all of them are crazy hard and don't look like the word they mean that was pretty straightforward um Sarko Sarco in your book says that it means flesh or connective tissue please do not use flesh the anatomy and physiology teacher will also not want you to use flesh it means connective tissue so if you have a sarcoma or something else and we'll see that a little bit later if there's a problem with your connective tissue Systema means system whether it's a body system or your entire body as a system and visceral that's pronounced visceral that means your internal organs so your viscera are all of your internal organs put together so i would recommend taking a break you can work on the exercises just to at least get the words down once if that's helpful before moving on here's an example of one of the exercises in the book seeing if you can take the word and come up with the combining form so think about what might be cell-site o c YT / o I'm gonna keep reiterating is important that you spell these correctly you will be graded for spelling on the exam tissue is histo and then a group of tissues working together is an organ so organelle and then a group of organs working together is a system so sistema type of tissues we have our nerve so that would be neuro epithelium tissue is epithelial you shouldn't have any trouble spelling it because it's spelled pretty much the same way as epithelium so you use that as a guide connective tissue Sarco and finally we and finally we have muscle so that is going to be my own alright moving forward the book likes to get out all of the combining forms first and then it's gonna do the prefixes and suffixes and other things along the way it always gives you the pieces first before we start to build large words also so here we have the body structure terms and as you'll find there's going to be multiple terms that mean similar things so if that's true you'll see them next to each other in the table in the book or in this case next to each other here so we have cancer oh and carcinoma both of them mean cancer so I can think of like cancerous or carcinogen are words that we're gonna end up figuring out what they mean for your purposes you're just learning you can kind of use them interchangeably and still be accurate in common practice certain circumstances you would use one or the other but I would not mark you down if Carson s instead of cancer s for example because you at least have the piece that means the right thing Eddie yo means the cause of like an etiology would be what is the cause of the disease you're thinking about like an outbreak that caught that happen and you're trying to figure out what caused it the next one is no the G is silent like a gnome but no means no to know something knowledge I would if you think of where it's like diagnosis prognosis that no piece is hidden in the middle there yet Row is how you say this next one here yet row and that means a physician or medicine it also has to do with treatment I think of things like psychiatry that's kind of hidden in the middle there leo means smooth so we'll see things like smooth muscle and striated muscle we'll see that their uncle as I have mentioned previously means a tumor or a mass it doesn't necessarily mean cancerous but that's what it's usually associated with patho means disease so like a pathologist is a person who studies disease rhabdo please note the weird spelling of this because you will have to spell this RH a B do rhabdo means striated so you can have smooth muscle or striated muscle and then the last one so Matt oh so Matt o means body so if it's associated with your body then you could use this it's kind of the opposite of psycho or psychological which would be mind associated if you want to take a break for a moment work on exercise sticks and then come back okay once we move past that we are now on to the colors so different medical conditions are associated with different colors the first of which is chloro I always think of chlorophyll from plants which is green which is why chloro is green chrome Oh is the generic word for color word part for color so Chrome Oh like mono chromatic means seeing one color it means cyan oh if you had the big box of crayons then cyan you would know is blue if you have cyanosis then that means like when you're really cold your fingers might turn blue Yuri throw is how you say this one again weird spelling Yuri throw I always think of a Yuri throw site which you might know is a red blood cell so Yuri throw means red just like leukocytes are the white blood cells so leuco like it means white melon L or Milano either one is equally acceptable means black so a lot of times you might have heard of someone getting a melanoma which is a black growth on the skin it's a kind of kin skin cancer and then the last one is xantho the X is pronounced as a Z and that would be yellow so these are all the different color terms that we're going to have associated throughout the entire book okay all most of the big words we have a whole bunch of prefixes and suffixes to kind of go through and then once you have those down then you can build the words for it I will also say that everything we've covered up to this point should be in your flashcards if you did get them daya is the first that means through or complete so like a diagnosis means a thorough or complete knowledge of this means usually like dysfunctional means that it's not working or abnormal it can also be painful or difficult so if you're having trouble breathing or if something movement you're having is very painful hyper means above or excessive so if something is working too hard or too much whereas hypo means that it's not working enough or as under or deficient in some way meta meta means after or beyond or change I'm trying to think of the best word in cancer context would be metastasis or metastasize if a cancer has moved from one place to another then it is at that point beyond control which is why they use metaphor that neo is new so like a neonate is a newborn baby a neoplasm is a new growth that might happen and pro means before like I mentioned earlier prokaryote means before a nucleus all right I'm sorry to say there are a million suffixes that they introduce you to here but these are the same ones that we're going to be using throughout the whole textbook so as we move through you're gonna see these same ones over and over and over again so it'll be get a little bit easier leading off you'll see that there are three endings here al I see and owe us all of them mean the same thing and throughout the book we'll find a couple more that also mean this it means pertaining to so if I said cancerous it would mean pertaining to cancer if I said hepatic pertaining to the liver if I said renal pertaining to the kidney those all mean having to do with whatever it's double site CY te means cell we also saw site o previously but there's a suffix version as well it just kind of depends on what word you need to make we have Jen and genic they can get up pretty confusing so you need to kind of keep them straight Jen is a substance that causes cancer so it's kind of that physical thing that causes cancer genic means that it is producing or causing cancer so the Jen is the substance genic means causing or producing cancer an example would be cigarettes are carcinogens they are substances that can cause cancer now smoking cigarettes is carcinogenic that action can cause cancer that that thing I'm trying to asbestos is a carcinogen inhaling asbestos would be carcinogenic next we have lodgest and logy so lodgest is a person who studies something where logic would be the area of study so a biologist would study biology megali you see that there's mega in there I always think mega is huge Magali means that it is an enlargement of some kind void means that it looks like something or resembles it so a fibroid for example would be resembling or looking like fibers olma we're gonna see a lot it means tumor it doesn't again necessarily mean cancerous but that's oftentimes what it's associated with osis we saw before means abnormal condition so there's you know something wrong with whatever it is path II means disease it's kind of a generic term but it means disease of whatever you're talkin please yeah there's a lot of suffixes we will find that looks similar to this and that's why spelling is going to be so important this pleasure means growth or formation or development oftentimes it's put together with hyper or hypo so for example if you have hyperplasia you have over development of something if you have hypoplasia you have under development of something plasm means a substance or a growth so neoplasm would be a new growth I often think of cytoplasm from us from biology in cells it's the substance within the cell here we next have sarcoma sarcoma is a weird one because it kind of combines some things already but a sarcoma is a malignant tumor a malignant tumor meaning that it's you know a cancerous form of the tumor OMA just a tumor sarcoma means a malignant tumor so an OMA can turn into a sarcoma if it gets worse the last two sis sis means a state of so it might not necessarily be an abnormal condition or a disease but it's some kind of state that you're in and then stasis stasis means controlled or stopped or standing still so that's when we see words like metastasis meaning that the cancer is now beyond control or beyond stopped I totally recommend stopping at this point and take a break and work through some of the exercises to get these word parts down it's going to make putting the larger words together so much easier just comparing and contrasting here we do have as I mentioned a couple of word roots that have suffixes with pretty much the same meaning totally fine it just depends on what word you're making sometimes you need a suffix to mean a certain things sometimes you need the word root so they're kind of can be used interchangeably depending on what you want to hook it up with for the rest of the word as I mentioned Jen and Jenna are two most often confused suffixes the Jen is a physical substance like a carcinogen and genic is more of the action it is the think carcinogenic something that is producing cells a review question which of the following suffixes means dizzy well hopefully you can at least narrow it to B and C both of those mean disease but B is the correct answer because B is the suffix whereas C means disease but it's a word root inside once you get past all of the word parts so we have done combining forms we've done prefixes we've done suffixes and then finally begins to put them all together as full medical terms to define and all the chapters kind of break down in the same way it's always going to start with your diseases and disorders so it kind of groups those together then it's gonna have tables for surgical terms your surgical procedures your surgical equipment that kind of thing we don't have that in this chapter but we'll start to see that coming chapter 4 then there's gonna be diagnostic things that so that would be scans those types of things are going to be in that category and then we're gonna get complementary terms and those are ones that are used with diseases and disorders I'll explain it a little bit more when we get there but that's kind of the key categories that we're gonna find in every chapter as we move through the book within that they separate all of the ones from word parts what I call the easy ones and the ones not from word parts what I think are going to be the more difficult ones so let's dive in so starting with diseases and disorders again see how it sighs you have to also pronounce and spell these terms your book does give you a pronunciation key to kind of help you understand and pronounce these words I realize that it might seem like kindergarten style with your pronunciation but it's there to help you to say the words correctly this table is in your book somewhere to kind of help you as well you might mean to flag it down as a reference but the idea is if you see in the pronunciation a macron or a long line above the vowel then that means it has the long sound it says its name so like dough Nate you hear that oh you hear the a if it doesn't have that above the vowel then that means it's a short vowel sound and then there's a little key there like med a hole the it is not it's not med I call it's medical it's a short vowel sound and then at the bottom putting it all together if something is in all caps then that means it gets you know the extra emphasis on the word if it's italicized then that means that it gets a little bit of emphasis but not quite as much you can see this in words like all together the get part is the most emphasized or pancreatitis the thai part is the most emphasized seems silly but it's going to help you pronounce and just to get an understanding of how difficult it can be you know and how hard English is you can see for example all of these oh ugh words are all pronounced differently we have beau Baro coffee nuff through though ought pick up it's just crazy okay what you've been coming for so on page twenty nine is the first table of all of these turns and you might be looking at this going oh my god I know have a whole nother list of words but what I want you to see here is that all of these because the top says from word parts are built from those pieces that we already covered so as long as you memorize the pieces that we've already covered you're good you can put them together in many different ways so for example a denno carcinoma I know that means a tumor oma means tumor of the gland and then in this case cancer so this would be a cancerous tumor of the gland whereas an adenoma would just be a tumor of the gland a carcinoma would be a cancerous tumor so some of these you can kind of just go straight from front down like a colorama it would be a tumor of green or you would just say green tumor some of them aren't very intuitive but understand that pretty much almost all of these end in OMA so as long as you know that what that means then you're in good shape we can also have something like a leiomyosarcoma so sarcoma means a malignant tumor of the smooth muscle or you could have a rhabdomyosarcoma a malignant tumor of the striated muscle in this case sarcoma you see here as its own word it means a tumor of connective tissue but remember sarcoma can also mean as a suffix a malignant tumor it gets a little tricky but please know these are all built from pieces you've already learned there are a breed creations associated with some words and you'll see them throughout the tables at the end of your chapter textbook there's a table of all the abbreviations you will be responsible for knowing those I would recommend taking a break in looking at exercise 14 and 15 exercise 15 is going to be very similar to certain things that you would see on the test where you just have to be given a definition and you go about actually writing in what the pieces would be something like this so you have neoplasm it looks like a prefix and a suffix put together but this is one of those silly things which is why you might see uncertain cases this where the suffix has a word root built into it this is pretty rare but being able to take the word and break it down into its pieces correctly is important like that all right so just a quick review which one of those is actually split up correctly when you're writing these in answers it's important that you put the right letters in the right spot if not you might be marched down slightly in this case Bay is the better answer because it has the slash around the O on both side okay so looking at this picture it's a benign cancer we haven't gotten to that term yet but benign me is the good kind non cancerous or non spreading in this case and this is an example of a fat tumor so ask yourself what means tumor hopefully are coming up with OMA and then fat lipo so lip OMA again you get that Oh combining vowel because the suffix oma already starts with a vowel alright now we're gonna get to the body structure terms there's a lot but again I don't want you to freak out because all of these are built from word parts so as long as you know the pieces from the beginning of the chapter and all of those pieces are on flashcards you can put all these words together that's kind of the whole point is that if you know pieces you add different prefixes and suffixes you can make so many new words so for example we have Saito genic so producing cells whereas I toy means resembling a cell or studying cells or the substance in a cell all of these start with the same word root but have different suffixes on them there's different kinds of growth plays amines growth there's difficult or painful growth and development there's excessive there's not enough notice how again as I mentioned previously when you are doing colors your wreaths grow site are your red blood cells RBC's and your leukocytes are your white blood cells otherwise without going through each one of these specifically work on exercise 19 just to get some more practice these are not new terms that we've learned they are all from the pieces that we started with so here's an example of the excessive development piece you have the adrenal gland on the left that looks normal is supposed to look like a little Hershey kiss on top of your kidney there but on the right side it's it's too big it's been excessively developing so thinking about what term that would be excessive hyper development plasia make sure we're spelling correctly hyperplasia would be the term you put together okay another weird thing is we have what's called an ellipsis and that's where part of the word is implied but not explicitly put in the word that you're writing so for example your wreath Row site I mentioned it means red blood cell but the word part that means blood is not actually in there urethra site literally translates to red cell and leukocyte literally translates to white cell but it's implied that it means the blood cells so sometimes we take out those pieces too just to make the words easier to say alright which one of these words means a cell with a nucleus hopefully we have arrived at a cario means nucleus so a Carrio site is a cell with a nucleus all right moving forward we are now there are no surgical terms so we kind of skipped that area of context there are no diagnostic terms so we've skipped that for this chapter and so we're going to complementary terms and you're probably asking yourself what is a complementary term this covers signs symptoms this is also where they loop in all the medical specialties and the specialists and other related words but most people don't actually know the difference between a sign and a symptom the sign is something objective it's what you see as a doctor when you go to examine a patient it's what you observe so in this case in the picture we have cyanosis of the nail so cyanosis means abnormal condition of blue as you can see in the picture kinda his nails are blue in his fingers kind of blue a symptom is more of a subjective information it's what the patient is saying about themselves so they might be in the exam room saying oh man I feel a pain in my chest when walking and it's kind of hard to measure that right you don't know what pain feels like to them you have the chart of on a scale of 1 to 10 what is your pain level but those are symptoms it's what they're saying about themselves it's not necessarily something that you can see ok so here they are in terms of your book they are located on page 38 looking through these are still all built from word parts nothing new here we're just putting them together in different ways to get new meanings so for example cancerous means pertaining to cancer some of these words I've kind of used as examples throughout diagnosis is abbreviated DX that means a state of complete knowledge when you think about what that means in like real life terms your diagnosis is when you actually understand what you're you know being come down with or what you're sick with what the disease is that's the diagnosis that's a little different than prognosis prognosis is the state of before knowledge and usually what that means is that's your prediction because you don't know exactly what's gonna happen but someone's prognosis is what you are predicting before it actually happens and usually that's given in the context of certain you know deadly diseases if they say oh your prognosis is 3 to 5 months for example that's the prediction of how long you might live with that condition other things organic pertaining to the organ not specific foods that have not been treated metastases and metastases can be said equally correct when you have more than one you say metastasis and it's abbreviated met otherwise you can kind of work through all of these because they are built from word parts and exercise 23 I would recommend doing so here's an example picture of what metastasis looks like so normally what happens is you get some kind of tumor or growth and it's growing in a set of tissues and eventually it makes its way to a blood vessel and if those cancer cells hop in the blood vessel then really they can travel anywhere in the body and so sometimes they end up popping out in a new location and if they then grow and divide in that new area then that is said that the cancer has metastasized or moved to a new location that doesn't mean you have a new type of cancer whatever cancer you have is where the tumor originated from so for our little diagram person here it looks like she had a carcinoma in her lymph nodes so she might have had some kind of lymphatic cancer and it has metastasized to the brain so it has spread to the brain she doesn't have brain cancer it she had you know lymphatic cancer that then spread all right here's a little breakdown of how we use that word metastasis or metastasis is singular metastasis is plural if you say it's metastatic cancer then that means that's the adjective version and metastasize is the verb pretty crazy but we can take any term and turn it into multiple forms of speech all right we finally get to the not-so-nice words as you'll notice at the top these are not built from word parts so everything up to this point as I have mentioned has been made from word parts and is in your flashcards everything that is not built from word parts is not in your flashcards if that is something that helps you you will then need to make flashcards you cannot rely on those word parts to help you identify what these words mean these are the ones that you're just going to kind of straight up need to memorize so we're gonna start with a febrile which means without a fever so the a prefix means not so that part I guess you can use to kind of break down the word but it means without a fever apoptosis hopefully from your science life you might know that that means apoptosis cell death program cell death benign we saw a couple of slides ago that means non-malignant you can still have a tumor but it means that it's kind of non cancerous and hopefully that's the kind that you can just remove and be cured of cancer biological therapy is also called bio therapy immunotherapy is usually what I would call it but that's where they use immune system drugs kind of to help fight cancer carcinoma in situ in situ means that it's kind of contained so if a carcinoma in situ means that it's in an early stage you have cancer but it's still in an early stage and it hasn't spread or invaded any surrounding tissues at that point it's still contain chemotherapy also called chemo is when you use drugs to treat cancer so those are drugs specifically designed to target cancer cells whereas more of the biological therapy with specific the immune system there is a little bit of overlap there encapsulated means that it is closed within a capsule really what that means is that if you have a cancer and an organ it's still you know trapped in that organ it hasn't spread somewhere exacerbation that's an SAT word it means that it gets worse so if your condition is exacerbated it is getting worse and in severity or your symptoms are getting worse if eith Abril means without a fever then febrile means that you have a fever hospice Hospice is kind of that place where someone can receive supportive care it's where most you think of it as elderly patients go to die it's where at that point there's nothing that anyone can do besides make you feel comfortable for the patient in the family before that patient dies and that's what has this is idiopathic that one does kind of look like a translate from word parts it's pertaining to a disease of unknown origin so the ideo kind of means unknown origin and it could be you know you have an outbreak or just someone with symptoms and you're not really sure where they're coming from yet inflammation I'm going to assume you know what that means in vitro and in vivo in vitro basically means in a test tube it's not in the body it's in a lab somewhere so I always think of in vitro fertilization where you get those test-tube babies very example in vivo means inside the body so whatever it is that's happening is actually in a person malignant is the bad kind means that it's tending to progressively get worse the next two words morbidity and mortality go together morbidity is kind of the its state of being diseased but it's a measure of the population that's diseased so if you'd say that the particular illness has an 80% morbidity rate then that means that in a given population eighty percent would get sick mortality is the rate of death so it's one thing to get sick but then it's you know an entirely new level to die so if this disease have an 80% morbidity and maybe a 30% mortality meaning that all the people that get sick that that percentage actually die from that sickness palliative is the type of care that you would receive in hospice where they give you relief but it's not a cure they can't carry you at that point radiation therapy is abbreviated xrt because it's x-ray radiation therapy it's kind of oftentimes either used in place of or in combination with chemotherapy it's where they use x-ray radiation to zap specific tumors and then finally rub mission remission is where the signs of the cancer are now gone and if a person has cancer and they you know do rounds of chemo or radiation or whatever and it cancer goes away then that person would be in remission and I think after so many years of remission then technically you're cured of the cancer although I'm not exactly sure how long does that was a lot take a break look at exercise 2728 matching where you can kind of put together these words with their definitions here's a picture representation of kind of the progression of a cancer situation so on the left you have the normal those cells might still be normal but they start to kind of grow out of control that's the way of hyperplasia for excessive development something happens some of those cells become irregular or non-functional so then you get dysplasia so you get kind of painful or difficult growth some of those cells might turn cancerous but haven't spread yet so then you have carcinoma in situ and then if those cells then might start to invade surrounding areas then you have a full-fledged carcinoma just to kind of give you an idea of how that progresses okay which of these is built from word parts and you can figure out its meaning they all kind of look Latin but you can't use that as a guide the correct answer is C adenocarcinoma cancerous tumor of the gland the others are technically not built forward parts all right so towards the end of this chapter I'm not gonna specifically test you on this but there is a table just to help you figure out how you would say a singular version versus a plural version for example a vertebra multiple of that would be a vertebrae thorax versus thora C's although I don't know why you would ever be talking about multiple thora C's test disburses testes and so on the table continues in your book on page 48 if you want to kind of look through at least once just to get an idea of how we do that all right very end of the chapter you will find abbreviations in your book in your case on page 50 most of the time we're gonna use abbreviations as much as we can speaking and writing in terms of medical speak some of them have to be used in context for example it seems silly but shortness of breath means sob which might be misinterpreted by a family if overheard incur incorrectly and health care employees you might find certain hospitals have different abbreviations that they've just kind of come up with just like you and your note-taking might have little abbreviations for things that other people might not know what that is here are the ones that are for this chapter I tried to highlight them as much as possible as we were working through the chapter but you can kind of see what they are carcinoma chemotherapy DX diagnosis px is prognosis and so on so there is an exercise at the end of the chapter that kind of goes through those abbreviations all right what's happening in this picture what type of cancer treatment is this you'll notice that the nurse is giving an injection to the patient this would be the delivery of drugs meant to fight the cancer so this would be chemo therapy or chemo for short this would be what radiation therapy looks like you use a high x-ray beam to zap a particular area of the body and that would be xrt for the radiation there okay at the very final point of the chapter there are clinical contexts I think they're really helpful to kind of tie it all together that's where you can kind of read through a situation where it's using a lot of the terms that you've been exposed to in the chapter and it has the pronunciation piece and gives you a better understanding of what's happening there's also some true/false questions here from the medical document to kind of give you a clue as to what's happening those same types of questions are also located in your book in the exercise chapter at the end of the chapter you will also find a little quiz with multiple-choice that will help you review as well and to be clear the end of the book has all of the answers from every activity in every chapter so looking at your book right now Appendix A starting on page 669 of your textbook it does have the answers just because yours doesn't match up exactly sometimes doesn't necessarily mean it's wrong if you picked a word that means the same thing but it'll give you an idea it tells you the answers to the multiple-choice quizzes to let you know you're on the right track and that is the end of chapter 2 okay you