hey welcome back we're on chapter 8 can't believe it That's not me what we only have 8 9 and 11 left three more chapters and we're almost done yay this chapter is pretty quick but I think I am gonna divide it into two videos just for sanity sake so they'll probably be two really short videos okay they're chapters on personality but it's really focused on what happens to your personality as you age right and all of you should be pretty much aware of what a personality is they're relatively enduring set of characteristics that define who an individual it is it includes traits like emotions and your coping skills the question for a course like this is I'm sure you I'm assuming most of you've had a personality course or at least yet personality and intro but the question for a course like this is what happens to someone's personality over their lifetime you would think either it stays the same so it's consistent over their lifetime or changes right I mean it seems like it should be a pretty easy answer but research suggests that it's much more complicated than that and some research supports that it stays stable so the stability concept while other research supports the idea that it changes so we're gonna have to dive into that a little more I just want to highlight the difference between what would be considered personality trait which is consistent pattern of thoughts feelings and actions so how someone typically behaves in a social situation as opposed to a personality state which is more short-term characteristics of person so maybe typically you're miserable but you just got a raise so your state is upbeat today right thousands and thousands of thousands of personality traits and personality factors and personality factors are the group of traits that occurred together in an individual so that's what creates a factor and people might score high on one trade also tend to score low on another trait so how many factors are they that like group together probably the biggest model and I'm sure you've been exposed to this is the five factor model of personality traits right and I always like to talk about it so what are the five factors its extraversion neuroticism openness to experience agreeableness and conscientiousness but they don't mean what the words say and I think that that really screws people up factors come about because of factor analysis right factor analysis is that type of statistics and so what you do is you know before they've developed this model they would give someone a personality test that would just be a test full of a ton and ton and tons and tons of questions do you like would do you like to sail do you like to cook are usually happy in a crowded situation do you feel stressed maybe I mean thousands and then they take all the answers to all those questions from thousands of people so now you've got I don't know way over a million data points right because you got thousands of questions answered by thousands and thousands of people and they throw them into a statistical package which actually is called factor analysis and what the computer does because you can't really do this by hand is it lays out patterns and it'll blow alone I have to do a factor analysis and my like second year grad class in graduate school it lays out these patterns and you look in it they don't necessarily make sense so you look and you say all right so it seems like everyone who said answered hi like highly agree with this statement for question five 542 question 612 question 28 and whatever scored low on question seven question 312 right and so they kind of say people are answering high on these questions and low on the tend to answer low on these questions and they call that factor one they just call it one and what happened was when they asked all these questions there were five big factors that emerged and then there were a bunch of questions that didn't factor right they were just there and they didn't factor and then the person has to come up with the name for those so you could have come up with the name like google block him instead of extraversion right or Kakaako right it's something like that just a mean they're just naming them so why did they choose extraversion because extraversion that factor tended to show that people were outgoing upbeat friendly assertive gregarious if they scored high on it if they scored low on it then they weren't upbeat they weren't gaga rias right and so people thought whoever was developing this said let's call that extraversion so that one might work all right it's when you get to things like neuroticism so neuroticism people who score high on it are anxious hostile self-conscious insecure there's no word for that right you could say maybe neurotic I don't know I think that because if you're scoring below on it then you're low on neurotic right like it doesn't really fall in the name it's just the name right openness to experience means that if you score high you have high curiosity flexibility vivid fantasy lights and good imagination tend to be artistic sensitive right so what if you score low on open to experience like I'm not artistic right I'm not I don't really have a good imagination or vivid fantasy but I would say like open to experiences really weird title because man I love to travel and I'm open to new experiences the long sigh not to involve a lot of people because I don't like people you know but you see how the term doesn't fit I just want to put that out there and agreeableness is being sympathetic trusting cooperative conscientiousness is being diligent organized dependable this is the biggest model it can determine personality from these traits so what it means is that what it's the biggest modelling that every personality can be determined by these five traits now these five traits are all over the place if you heard my list so you could score a high good score low but you can score any combination so someone could be really high on extraversion neuroticism and conscientiousness but low on openness to experience and agreeableness that's a personality type or I'm in the middle on all of them that's a personality type so as you can imagine it can really really determine many different types of personality and it's probably the biggest model we have in modern day psychology but some of the problem is that it's completely dependent on what you would call self-report so and people are in good estimate of who they are or even of what they like or how hostile they are III think I'm an agreeable person you know when people don't agree with that people tend to think that I'm a little angry you know so it's Chris criticized for a couple of reasons it's criticized because of the bias it has in the language tends to serve on a white middle-class very well and it's criticized for the fact that it's a self-report measure but here's some data it comes from your book oh here's a link to it I don't know if you guys I'm sure lega might have done this who knows I can't get in there you should just google it there is an excellent there's an excellent excellent five factor model that you can sit and actually take and it'll give you all the results it's like right online and it's free not you you've got to put in the five factor model and it'll come up it's like a 45-minute test it's like the real test that they're just letting you do for free and then it gives you a score on all five factors so you should try it out in your spare time here's the chart from the book as you can see the grayish bars are are identical twins and the blue bars are fraternal twins that's what MZ and these means okay it's very interesting because MZ twins share genetics right a hundred percent of their genetics are identical where DZ twins that's the fraternal twins that are not identical they're like siblings and what the bars are showing is the correlation coefficients so much stronger correlation between the scores for neuroticism between identical twins versus fraternal twins right so you see the grey is always higher and so those it's not like oh you score high on that trait it's the correlation between the twins and how they score interestingly though if you look at the x-axis the highest correlation is less than 0.6 so it's not like this is perfectly correlated in any way although I mean those gray bars most of them are over 0.5 and 0.5 correlation is extremely high especially given that this data was collected on a lot of people but still saying it's not perfect so you can have identical twins that don't have the exact same personality okay definitely you can tell that by these bars but what you'll see is that there seems to be a genetic predisposition right all right so there's different ways of measuring personality stability and it ends up showing different things so the differential continuity so it's the stability of an individual's rank order and a group over time so do the people who are scoring highest on neuroticism at age 20 do they still score highest on neuroticism at age 40 that's what differential continuity is looking at right so you're looking at if the people score high on neuroticism at 20 are they still scoring high on neuroticism at age 40 are among other groups of 40 roles or if they're low in agreeableness at 20 are they still low on agreeableness using that method if that's the way you're looking at it at personality right personality traits remain moderately stable through adulthood and their stability actually increases with age so the older you get the more stable it is that yes if you're a highly neurotic you're definitely neurotic right you're the hyuna Roddick at age 20 group when I test the age 30 group again you're gonna be high in neurotic however if you use a mean level change that's when you refers to the change in a group average score over time so changes here are attributed to natural aging or things shared by a population so it's like what's the average score right of neuroticism for 20 year olds and the average score of neuroticism for 30 year olds these type of measures show that personality does change with age and continues to change all the way into our 90s so for example the mean level for agreeableness goes up with age right so the agreeableness that which is it goes up with age so the older you get the more agreeable you are the less fighting you are at things right that's what that means sorry I was thirsty holy God not out here I'm outside the inter-individual variability this examines the instability of specific individuals personality over years so this is done by giving personality tests to individuals at different times and then finding correlations for that individual to that individual the results are mixed when you look at this measure how can so this is like really interesting nobody was thinking about this people were just testing personality and they were doing it whatever way they did it and they were getting inconsistent results and then someone started looking and saying wait a second we're all looking at this from a different way so differential continuity is looking like hey this person scored high and not their group in neuroticism at 20 and now they're high again a forty mean it's looking at the average level of neuroticism go up or down and then the intra individual is looking at the actual individual in the data mix so how can this all be at the same time and the book use is a great example it really does I think of explaining this like how can all this happen and they use this example like if you're looking at your exam scores can show if you look at differential continuity whoever was the highest score on exam 1 typically is still the highest score on exam 2 but the mean level of performance which is the second measure can change from exam 1 the exam 2 right so whoever got the highest on exam 1 exam 2 everyone study harder and they're all the scores go up but first I look at the highest typically gets the highest that's what they're saying right and then an individual's performance can actually change depending on oh my god I didn't realize this should read the book and so a certain individual in the group can move up or move down that's the intra-individual variability and some people might remain constant and that's why for some people it's stable right and for other people it's not so really interesting to look at and not a very easy question to answer right if someone was to say does your personality remain continuous over your lifetime it really depends on how it's being measured right what about some developmental areas that are shaped by personality right so personality and relationships right if we look at that personality cultivates relationships so it determines who we become intimate with it determines how we behave in a relationship and personality evokes certain behaviors from our partners right so neuroticism and agreeableness or strong predictors of the development of intimate relationships high neuroticism low agreeableness usually equals abusive relationships short-lived of relationships so depending on what where you score on these kinds of the five factors and what kind of personality you have will depend on how willing you are to be an intimate relationship and how long that intimate relationship might just last it also amazingly you soon Alan II has to do with your job achievement so personality factors of conscientiousness is most closely linked with job achievement this trace includes competence orders of discipline right it's also a predictor of your academic success the personality trait of conscientiousness right and in fact you could be highly conscientious but be too high in neuroticism right they get you get in your own way get in your own way I see people do it all the time I think that has a lot to do with test anxiety or people who don't you know finish projects and do things like that personality can actually affect your help people are high in conscientiousness and low in neuroticism live longer and they're and healthier actually and people low in agreeableness have high heart disease so if you Europe hostile angry fight in the book you know bucking the fight or whatever that expression is you tend to have heart disease I showed you the graph about genetic personality traits seem to remain constant and change why behavioral genetics can really explain some of that genes determine our past personality to a large extent and in fact there is a heredity of the five major personality factors but then again it can be changed so I know that you can see like I mean I think of my own siblings we don't have the same personalities in any way you know what I mean my brother is hyped out of his mind my sister's very low-key I probably fall somewhere in the middle you know and we also would score very very different on neuroticism and agreeableness like you know so it even though there is a genetic component like most things you can overcome your genetics right just some extent aside from genetics there are environmental influences on personality so a lot of changes we see in personality as we age is a result of environmental influences motorcycle a lot of changes we see in personality as we age as the result of the environmental influences particularly in young adulthood moving out getting married etc all those things tend to affect our personality this person environment transactions is a theory that serves to maintain that personality trait consistency so how is it consistent and they say there's a combination of genetic endowment and environmental factors that can be conscious or unconscious and they happen in a vial in a bunch of different ways so for example you can have what's called reactive transactions these take place when we react or interpret an experience consistent with our personality I don't know if you've ever noticed that two people can react can interpret the exact same situation differently depending on their personality so I remember it's someone's birthday I called two days later because I said oh my god two days ago was your birthday right some people would be like oh my god I can't believe you remembered that's so nice and other people be like why the hell didn't you call me two days ago right so you can react to the exact same situation right depending on the person that's a reactive transaction an evocative transaction is that we behave in a way that elicits reactions from others that confirm our personalities or self-concept so people with really low self-esteem tend to do evocative transactions a lot so so they reject compliments and end up with even lower self-esteem so someone will say oh you look good today oh no I don't know I don't you know oh my god no you should smell me I smell really bad or something to that and so their self-esteem goes even lower so it's like your your your the way you react right this is what it - your environment is confirming your personality a proactive transaction is we select roles and environments that best fit our personality right so we tend to be going into situations so if you're outgoing you do a lot of outgoing things if you're not outgoing you tend to shy away from public events right so we we have the environment interact with our personality in a way that we refer reaffirms or is proactive to what we want we believe our personality is a manipulative transaction we attempt to change our current environment by causing change and the people around us you know some people are better at this than others but it's basically saying that you know we tend to make things the way we want them to be the basic organization of our traits is universal but people have very very very distinct personalities and depending on how they use these person environment transactions will you know it reinforces who they are at a personality level all right I'm gonna take a tiny little break here because I'm really hot I'm gonna try to go in the shade before we start the next chapter out no not next chapter next half we're on half Chapter seven I told you this one's pretty oh it's Chapter eight that even makes me happier I told you the one this one's pretty short but I am gonna break it into two so I'm gonna stop here and the second half probably just this long go get a snack do something I'll be back don't forget to come back though second half of eight