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What are the EKG changes in hypermagnesemia?
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Heart blocks and prolonged PR intervals.
Describe the relationship between phosphate and calcium.
Phosphate is essential for bone and teeth formation and has an inverse relationship with calcium.
What are the notable EKG changes in hypokalemia?
Flat T-waves, ST depression, and prominent U-waves.
What signs suggest hypocalcemia?
Positive Trousseau's sign, Chvostek's sign, diarrhea, circumoral tingling, weak bones, risk for fractures, risk for bleeding, heart dysrhythmias.
What EKG changes are associated with hyperkalemia?
ST elevation, peaked T-waves, wide QRS, and in severe cases, V-fib and cardiac standstill.
What are characteristic symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Constipation, bone pain, kidney stones, decreased DTRs, severe muscle weakness.
Describe the neuromuscular symptoms of hyperkalemia.
Paralysis in extremities, paresthesia, increased DTRs, and profound muscle weakness.
List severe signs of hypernatremia.
Swollen dry tongue, nausea, vomiting, and increased muscle tone.
What are the top priority symptoms for a patient with hyponatremia?
Seizures, coma, tachycardia, weak thready pulses, and respiratory arrest.
What is the role of chloride in the body?
Maintains blood volume, blood pressure, and pH, mimicking sodium.
What signs are common between hypophosphatemia and hypercalcemia?
Constipation, decreased DTRs, severe muscle weakness, decreased heart and respiratory rate, kidney stones.
How does hypochloremia manifest?
Excessive diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, and fever.
What GI symptoms indicate hyperkalemia?
Diarrhea and hyperactive bowel sounds.
What are the primary roles of sodium in the body?
Maintains blood pressure, blood volume, and pH balance.
Describe hyperchloremia symptoms.
Nausea, vomiting, swollen dry tongue, and confusion.
What symptoms are similar in hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia?
Trousseau's sign, Chvostek's sign, diarrhea, weak bones, risk for fractures, risk for bleeding, heart dysrhythmias.
What are the risks associated with severe hypokalemia in the GI system?
Decreased motility, hypoactive bowel sounds, constipation, abdominal distension, and paralytic ileus (risk for SBO).
What symptoms characterize hypomagnesemia?
Torsades de Pointes, V-fib, tachycardia, ST depression, T-wave inversion, hyperreflexia, nystagmus, diarrhea, neurological confusion, irritability, and shallow respiration.
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