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What is the difference between conventional current flow and electron flow in electrical systems?
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Conventional current flows from positive to negative, whereas electron flow is from negative to positive.
Explain the role of fuses and circuit breakers in electrical safety.
Fuses and circuit breakers protect circuits by interrupting excessive current flow, preventing overheating and potential wiring damage.
What is the main role of xylem and phloem in plant transport systems?
Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant, while phloem distributes sucrose and nutrients.
How does peristalsis function in the esophagus during digestion?
Peristalsis involves rhythmic muscle contractions that move food down the esophagus towards the stomach.
How is total resistance in a parallel circuit calculated differently than in a series circuit?
In a parallel circuit, total resistance is calculated using a specific formula involving reciprocals of individual resistances, unlike the sum of resistances in series circuits.
What is the main mechanism of action of the contraceptive pill in birth control?
The contraceptive pill prevents ovulation, avoiding pregnancy.
How do red and white blood cells differ in function?
Red blood cells transport oxygen, while white blood cells play a role in immune defense.
Describe how resistance affects electrical current in a circuit.
Resistance opposes current flow; higher resistance reduces current, and the relationship between current and resistance is inverse.
What are key safety precautions to take with electrical wiring?
Use proper wiring techniques, ensure dry conditions, and avoid overloading circuits to prevent electrical hazards.
What are the effects of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions on an animal cell?
Hypertonic solutions cause animal cells to lose water and shrink, whereas hypotonic solutions may cause them to gain water and potentially burst.
Describe the menstrual cycle phases and their significance.
The cycle includes menstruation (shedding of uterine lining), repair phase, and fertile period, crucial for reproduction.
What enzymes are involved in digestion within the stomach, and what nutrients do they act upon?
Proteases in gastric juice act upon proteins in the stomach, aiding in their digestion.
Explain how HIV leads to AIDS and how it affects the human body.
HIV attacks and weakens the immune system, leading to AIDS, characterized by a reduced ability to fight infections.
Describe the function of bile in the small intestine.
Bile emulsifies fats, increasing their surface area for better digestion by lipase enzymes.
What are the distinct differences in physical changes during puberty for boys and girls?
Boys develop facial/body hair and deeper voice; girls experience breast development and menstruation.
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