AP Biology Unit 1 - Lecture Notes

Introduction

• Presenter: Mrs. Jones
• Platform: AP Bio Penguins on Instagram
• Resources mentioned: Daily review on Instagram, 374-page review guide on Weebly, FRQ Fridays, quizzes, games, review PowerPoints

Unit 1 Topics

• Macromolecules
• Water Properties
• Practice Questions
• Q&A session

Macromolecules

Overview

• Four types: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids

Carbohydrates

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Monomer: Monosaccharide (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose)
• Polymer: Polysaccharide
• Functions: Energy provision, structural support
• Examples: Sucrose, lactose, maltose
• Glycosidic linkage: Bond between monosaccharides
• Essential polysaccharides: Cellulose, chitin, starch, glycogen

Proteins

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
• Monomer: Amino acids
• Structure:
  • Primary: Linear sequence of amino acids
  • Secondary: Alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet
  • Tertiary: 3D structure due to bonding in R groups
  • Quaternary: Multiple polypeptides forming a functional protein
• Bonds: Peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds

Nucleic Acids

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
• Monomer: Nucleotide
• Structure:
  • Phosphate group, nitrogenous base, pentose sugar
  • DNA: Double-stranded, A-T and C-G base pairing
  • RNA: Single-stranded, A-U and C-G base pairing
• Bonds: Phosphodiester linkage

Lipids

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sometimes phosphate
• Nonpolar, not a polymer
• Types: Fats, phospholipids, steroids
• Fats: Saturated vs. unsaturated
• Phospholipids: Amphipathic, form bilayers
• Steroids: Four fused rings, function as hormones

Water Properties

• Polar molecule, capable of hydrogen bonding
• Universal solvent, dissolves polar and ionic substances
• Cohesion and adhesion lead to capillary action
• Surface tension: Allows small objects to rest on water
• Ice is less dense than liquid water: Important for aquatic life
• High specific heat: Regulates temperature
• pH: Measures acidity, inverse relationship with hydrogen ion concentration

Practice Questions

• Question 1: Protein structure related to hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
• Question 2: Rosalind Franklin's x-ray diffraction image
• Multiple choice and FRQ style questions

Conclusion

• Encouragement to utilize available resources for study
• Invitations to follow on social media for daily reviews and updates
• Open for further questions

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These notes provide a summary of key points from Mrs. Jones' lecture on Unit 1 of AP Biology, covering macromolecules and water properties, and offering practice questions for better understanding.