[Music] in that area and a low concentration of crystal light in that area okay this if you put a cell in a hypotonic solution it's going to draw in water let me let me go on and show you what i mean by this let me uh this draws in water hypertonic it's going to be more concentrate isotonic is the same let me just show you the picture it'll make more sense we have two environments we've got a cell that has inside the cell and outside the cell so the two environments is inside the cell and outside the cell okay my mnemonic is water follows solute water goes where there's more concentration of solute let's look at this picture forget about these pictures for a moment just look at this one here this is a cell and you have dots inside and outside the cell the dots represent let's say salt okay let's say sodium there's a membrane around the cell the cell membrane it's going to allow things to cross either way but it's not going to allow the sodium to cross so the only thing we got in here is water so water is the only thing that's going to cross over there okay there's a certain concentration they're very close together the salt molecules the sodium molecules or ions okay out here they're kind of spacious so this cell is going into a hypotonic solution the hypotonic solution is this solution here where there's more water on the outside it's not concentrated here it's more concentrated inside the cell you can see how close the dots are okay when you put this cell inside a hypotonic solution water is the only thing that can pass through that membrane and it wants to make the space between the dots equal inside and outside the cell the water is the only thing that can pass through that membrane those dots cannot so in order to make it equally spaced would you expect water to go into the cell or out of the cell into the cell when it goes into the cell now with the spacing between the dots here inside the cell and the dots here outside the cell it's equal it's like saying you know we want to have 50 people inside the room here and two people out there well it's gonna go out there until it becomes 50 50 so that no more water and no more students can go out or in it's equal so with water goes in the cell swells sometimes it might swell so much that it bursts like a balloon would okay but cells will swell here okay questions about that all right let's look at this one here we're putting a cell into what we call a hypertonic solution this is where there's less water in between the dots on the outside of the cell inside there's more spacing when you put this in here the only thing that could pass through that membrane again is the water so to make it equal spacing on inside and outside the cell would you want water to would you expect water to leave the cell or enter the cell leave the cell and when it leaves now there's equal spacing between the thoughts inside the cell and outside itself because the water left here it shrinks it shrivels we use the proper name as it creates this is called creation when it shrinks like that okay what we're saying here my mnemonic was water follows solute water is going to go where there's a more concentration happening more concentration of solutes water goes where there's a more concentration of solutes water follows solutes okay a good example of this is go to the beach something you probably won't be able to do during these few weeks that we're going to spend together in the summer but when you go in the ocean the ocean is very salty right you go in the ocean you're in there for five minutes what happens to your fingertips yeah they shrivel up they wrinkle up why reason why is because your body is trying to do something it'll never do it because you've got a lot of homeostasis and negative feedback going on inside your body but what it's going to try and do is what is going to escape from your body to try and dilute the ocean it's not going to do that though because what happens is your thirst mechanism realizes that you have a little bit of water in you and it says i gotta rush into the shore and get some of that fruit punch okay so your body does that but if you're out there for a long time you can get dehydrated okay and this is what we call isotonic isotonic is when the equal amount of concentration is inside the cell and outside itself there won't be any movement of water happening there and that's the ideal thing is isotonic okay questions about this all right this is kind of showing the same thing just on your own except you've got a membrane in the middle there okay so what do cells do when you put a cell in a hypotonic solution it lyses lysis means to burst all right if it doesn't quite burst it swells so water more water is going to enter the cell when you put a cell in a hypertonic solution the water will leave the cell and it will shrivel or the better word is create or creation and think of what happens to your fingers in an ocean okay filtration is another form that doesn't really it just happens naturally works like a strainer god bless you as long as there's enough pressure then it'll push the the fluid forward or not just fluid anything a good way i can explain this is think of coffee right you got to make you know percolating and coffee and you put the uh you have the filter in there and if there's no pressure the water is not going to go through there but if you've got more pressure more water in there it's going to press through and it'll go right through the filter does that make sense so you gotta have pressure there and if there's pressure it's gonna just do naturally it's just gonna go from a high pressure to a low pressure okay and we'll see that we'll get into the kidneys also so those are the three forms of transport mechanisms that don't use any assistance here's three forms that use assistance okay they may involve carrier proteins meaning this has to fit right in here and they'll grab it and push it down some characteristics of this is that if we use carrier carrier proteins they have to fit like a locking key otherwise it won't go through there okay the other characteristic is that we could have competition going on competition we could have two structures that look alike but aren't the same thing and when that happens they're going to compete for the same carrier as the ones that you see on the board there or on the uh powerpoint okay one's red one's blue they both are gonna fight for that one on there okay and there's saturation meaning if we only have let's say we only have two doors to the room over here we got 50 people here it's going to take some time to get you out here if there's like two people in here it happens very fast if you got 10 people in here they're only going to take two at a time so they does the saturation you only have so many carrier proteins there that's all it's going to take on it can only do like certain number okay if there's two here then our two carrier proteins it'll take the two that's over here if there's only two carrier proteins you got six or eight of these over here it's going to take some time we're limited to how many carry proteins we have on that cell so facilitated diffusion goes from a high to lower concentration because it's diffusion okay and it must be attached to a carrier protein there's no carrier protein it's not going to happen so that's why a calorie protein is the assistance it needs a baby can't come into this room unless it's being carried by its mom otherwise we're not going to allow a baby to come into the room i'm using it as an example babies aren't allowed in the room anyway but i'm just you know what i'm saying okay no energy is needed to do this okay the mother comes in brings a baby that's fine you don't need a special amount of money to to come in it's fine okay it may release energy as heat though so it won't use it but it may release heat all right this is just showing you that this has to fit into here and then it opens up and allows it to come inside carrier protein another way is that we can actually open it up by putting a keyhole or something that goes binds over here and that opens it up and allows it to come in as long as that's the keyhole is being filled with something it will open all right now let's do active transport or primary active transport okay this is going against the gradient going from a low concentration to a high that is not natural so let's go back to the same scenario me flatulating with ava and alyssa okay i flatulate here okay it's going from a high concentration to a low fever does not want to smell that so she wants to make sure that she can put the concentration going from a low concentration to where she is back to a high concentration that's not natural but what can faba do if she's nailed to this to the floor there and she can't get up what can she do to make sure she could put the smell going from a low concentration to a high concentration what can she do help her what's that yeah she can do this right blow it away with this or take the fan that's behind her plug it in and blow it that way she could go from a low concentration to a high concentration however she has to use energy atp is needed to do this okay it's possible but you got to have atp to do this okay does that make sense all right so the kidneys a good example of this we have things called sodium potassium pumps to do that sodium potassium there's more potassium inside and wants to go out but somehow we got to put the potassium back in we're going to go from a low potassium out there to a high potassium inside same way as sodium sodium is going to be outside more and it comes in but now we got to put it back out there we're going to go from a low concentration to a high so we have a pump that's also known as the atpase pump or the sodium potassium pump and it's going to put them out there where they're supposed to be okay and it's this doing that okay it's gonna go from low concentration to a high concentration so let's talk about this sodium potassium pump okay i did this in the chemistry thing but i might as well do it over here too you do need to know that there is more potassium inside the cell and you need to know about more sodium outside the cell somebody who's already smiling you saw my powerpoint right my lecture so you know where i'm going there's cations and anions in essence cations have a positive charge anions have a negative charge you'll learn about that in the chemistry lecture but you do need to know what's the most abundant anion outside the cell most abundant anion inside the cell most abundant cation outside the cell most abundant cation inside the cell potassium has a positive charge sodium has a positive charge so this is how i memorized it i call it the salty banana you've learned this from kindergarten what is potassium loaded with yeah so what is a banana loaded with there you go that's the answer i was looking for man okay good thing good thing okay one night okay so yeah potassium so the potassium is loaded inside here so think of the banana as yourself inside it's loaded with potassium outside sodium chloride is salt sodium is a positive charge so you have sodium out here that's a symbol for sodium and we also have chloride out here which has a negative charge inside this banana we have this positive charge so the most abundant cation is sodium outside the cell the most abundant anion outside the cell is chloride the most abundant uh cation inside the cell is going to be potassium the other one you'll just have to memorize it but the other one is the most abundant um anion is phosphate that's the only part you got to memorize okay because i don't have that part in there so don't don't get me wrong there is potassium outside the cell there is sodium inside itself there's just a lot more potassium inside the cell there's a lot more sodium outside the cell so if the sodium channels open up sodium wants to come in that's diffusion if potassium channels open up potassium wants to go out that's diffusion but we got to put the potassium back we have to put the sodium back now for like sodium we're going to go from a low concentration of sodium into a high concentration of sodium the sodium potassium pump is going to do that okay it's going to put that there it's going against the crate gradient okay you'll get to know that a little bit later much later and you'll see it like the neuron and kidney and atp is needed to do this what it does is that it puts three sodium out of the cell and two potassium back into the cell you do need to know three and two so here's a little demonic also that came to me also okay you hear that song uh na na na na okay all right so this actually came to me do you listen to the song nah nah nah now just listen now now how do you spell now perfect so far right okay so i'm going nah nah nah how many times did i say that three times which works perfectly so then you put the whole thing together nah nah nah out now out kkk goes inside i don't have much of a social life okay but those little things instead of you going and memorizing all stuff that's what i'm trying to do is wire your brain for your future so you can make things that are complex into something that's manageable okay all right so anyway you now know about the salty banana you know about my nana song i'm probably not going to sing ever again for you guys all right but i have all the mnemonics so don't worry about that question we'll get into it later on i'm just giving an example when you would see active transport but you're gonna see this you're gonna get to know this in a few weeks why this is three and two and when he would use this but we you know as sodium comes in we've got to put the sodium back out but how is that going to happen if you have less sodium inside and more sodium outside you're going against the gradient the sodium potassium pump is going to do this okay and the potassium the same way it's got to go back inside they just work together okay it's doing this kind of thing here so two potassium go in three sodium go out it's one pump that does an atp is needed to do that okay so you can look at that on your own it's a sodium potassium pump you'll get to know it all right secondary active transport okay this one is kind of a neat thing it moves again and moves against the gradient but it's not going to use atp it's going to use the energy of something else to do their magic okay it's going to go from a low concentration to a high concentration and the best way i could explain this one is think of a windmill or a water mill i'll show you here's a house and the house needs to be lit up with electric so what does it do it's going to have its electrical power sent to are coming from a generator and the generator very loud thing and i think most people know what this is all about when you have hurricane sandy stuff but it sits in a place you know outside the house with a loud noise thing and as long as you are cranking this it's going to turn on the electricity over here it's producing electricity but with you being out here cranking this thing you're going to be there for hours and days to keep on doing that you got to have it keep on turning okay so that's not going to be very helpful so what we have is water a river that's happening nearby and we're going to have a water mill over here so as the water comes down here this water mill is going to turn do you see why okay and if we have this water mill hooked up to the generator you see what's happening here it's a long drawn out thing and i bet no teacher can actually explain it this way all right but look what's going to happen here is as this is turning it's going to crank this which is going to give you electricity and basis that's what's happening windmills work the same way and stuff okay but this is why i'm doing this is because we're using a sort of power from something else the water here to give you electricity not from you turning the thing your piggy backing off of something else does that make sense that's what's happening with the secondary active transport it's going to allow something to come into the cell or out of itself but it's going to use the energy from something else because normally it can't go from a low concentration to a high so it's not using energy meaning atp you're using something else okay that's what i said think of a water mill a windmill you're using the the power of the wind the power of the water to be doing this okay sodium is the most common driving force for other molecules to enter the cell so it's going to use sodium as sodium comes in it kind of opens up the doors for other things okay but think of it like the windmill that's how it's working okay now we have two ways two types of the secondary active transport there's something called code transport which means that it's gonna whatever this substance is it's gonna go in the same direction as the power source let's say sodium let's say for instance me being a teacher in this room everyone left the room except for one person okay um and she has books in her hands and she can't open up the door well i'm leaving the room she wants to leave the room she's going to use me my power to open up the door as i'm going out she'll be going out with me you see what i'm saying we're using she's using the power of me to open up the door that's what we call co-transport or also known as symport but then we also have powder and transport which is also known as anti-transport and this goes in different directions let's say there's a student outside the room and she can't come in because her hands are all filled so she's going to wait for me to leave the room so i'm going to open up the door i'm going to go out but because the door is now open she can come in does that make sense okay so that's the difference between simport and antiport you're using the power of something else whether you're gonna go in with it together or you're going in opposite directions no atp is used on this you're using the source of something else so in this case let's say the blue and the blue triangles and the blue on the red dots they're going in the same way maybe it's using the source of the triangles over here and that's allowing the red dots to come in and they can both go in the same direction or as the blue dot is going this way and then goes out it's actually going to open up the other side over here and allow one to come back that way does that make sense can you visualize it yeah okay if you want to use this that's the door thing i'll open the door it's showing a waiter but i'm opening up the door allowing the balls to go in with me or i'm going to open up the door going this way with the balls to go the other way or whichever triangles go the other way whatever works best for you all right but you're going to hear secondary transport and active transport all throughout the rest of amp 1 and 2. okay these are just miscellaneous transport mechanisms endocytosis and exocytosis endocytosis is something where it's going the cell will invaginate around something engulf something and bring it in okay this does require atp as energy we have two types of endocytosis if it's gonna bring in a liquid we call pinocytosis if it's going to bring in a solid like bacteria it's going to be phagocytosis these are two types of endocytosis and you can see here this is a cell here and here's a particle let's say a bacteria it's going to engulf that and bring it in if it's a solid it's it's um phagocytosis yeah what's that ph ph oh yeah yeah phagocytosin ph yep i thought you're talking about ph like scale oh no chemistry okay yep phagocytosis and ph all right so this is just showing you that it's here's a close-up of the membrane going around here and brings it in okay then we have exocytosis this also requires energy atp and this is going to do the opposite it's going to whatever it's making inside the cell which we're going to talk about after break whatever it's making inside the cell is going to put it out there outside the cell okay so this is what we got to get these little green dots and this inside the cell this here is going to fuse with the cell membrane and is able to put all those balls outside the cell that's exocytosis one's bringing things in one's putting things out okay they both use atp