Overview
This lesson covers the English Civil War, its causes, major events, and aftermath, focusing on the conflict between supporters of the King and Parliament, and the roles of key figures like Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, and Charles II.
Background and Sides in the Civil War
- The English Civil War began in 1642 with divisions between the King's supporters (Cavaliers) and Parliament's supporters (Roundheads).
- Cavaliers were typically landowners in rural areas; Roundheads were more urban, religious (Puritans), and based around London.
- The colonies reflected these splits; Southern colonies like Virginia supported the King, while New England supported Parliament.
Major Events of the English Civil War
- Parliament controlled London; the King controlled Oxford.
- The New Model Army, created in 1644, was Parliament’s first permanent, tax-funded army.
- Oliver Cromwell emerged as a skilled military leader and key figure for Parliament.
- The King was defeated in 1646, imprisoned, escaped with Scots’ help, but was ultimately recaptured.
Execution of Charles I and Aftermath
- Parliament, after Pride’s Purge in 1648, tried and executed Charles I in January 1649.
- Charles I’s composed final speech and execution led to public remorse and his veneration as a martyr in the Church of England.
The Commonwealth and Cromwell’s Rule
- Cromwell and the Rump Parliament established the Commonwealth (1649-1653), abolishing the monarchy.
- Cromwell suppressed uprisings in Ireland with extreme violence.
- Cromwell dissolved Parliament and declared himself Lord Protector, ruling England as a strict, Puritanical police state.
- Cromwell banned gambling, theater, and even Christmas.
The Restoration of the Monarchy
- After Cromwell’s death in 1658, his son Richard failed as Lord Protector.
- General Monk negotiated the restoration of Charles II, ending the Commonwealth in 1660.
- The people welcomed the return of the monarchy and traditional customs after years of Puritan austerity.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Cavaliers — Supporters of the King, typically rural landowners.
- Roundheads — Supporters of Parliament, mainly Puritans and urban dwellers.
- New Model Army — Parliament’s permanent, tax-supported military force.
- Pride’s Purge — Removal of Parliament members opposed to executing the King.
- Commonwealth — Republican government established after the execution of Charles I.
- Lord Protector — Title taken by Oliver Cromwell as ruler of England.
- Restoration — Return of Charles II and the monarchy in 1660.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the causes and effects of the English Civil War and Cromwell’s rule.
- Prepare for a discussion on the long-term impacts of the Civil War on English government and society.