Lesson 1: Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
Objectives
Trace the historical development of science and technology in the world and the Philippines.
Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society.
Understanding Science
Definition: Derived from the Latin word "sientia" meaning knowledge. It is a systematic attempt to discover facts through observation, reasoning, and experimentation.
Branches: Science is divided into various branches but fundamentally involves the pursuit of knowledge regarding general truths and fundamental laws.
Origin: Science has existed since the dawn of human existence; ancient people studied nature mainly for practical purposes.
Notably, the 6th century BCE marked the beginning of philosophy, leading to a more profound understanding of nature.
Understanding Technology
Definition: A combination of the Greek words "technique" (art or craft) and "logos" (word or speech).
Historical Context: Initially defined in the 17th century as a discourse on the arts, later recognized as the means by which humans alter their environment.
Chronological Development of Science and Technology
The lesson will explore science and technology during various historical periods including:
Ancient Times
Middle Ages
Post Industrial Revolution
Emphasis on social conditions and technological innovations in each period.
Science and Technology in the Ancient World
Prehistoric Science
Beliefs: Primitive humans likely thought the earth was flat and based their observations on travel experiences.
Early Observations: Movements of celestial bodies were some of the first scientific observations.
Medical Knowledge: Primitive therapies and basic toxicology were practiced.
Stone Age
Tools: Primitive tools were shaped for specific purposes; marked the beginning of tool making.
Neolithic Revolution: Transition from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural settlements, driven by climate changes and intellectual advances.
Originated in the Fertile Crescent.
Ancient Civilizations
Mesopotamia
Geography: Situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, facilitating agriculture.
Sumerians: Considered creators of civilization; innovations included:
Scientific hypothesis
Writing (cuneiform)
Mathematics and astronomy
Inventions: Wheel, sail, plow, and irrigation methods.
Babylon
Achievements: Developed astronomy and mathematics; created the zodiac and accurate calendars.
Science vs. Religion: Astronomy intertwined with religious beliefs.
Cultural Contributions: First maps, advancements in fractions and cartography.
Ancient Egypt
Geography: Developed along the Nile River, benefitting from annual flooding for agriculture.
Innovations: Significant contributions in:
Writing (hieroglyphics)
Household goods (toothbrushes, papyrus, mints)
Engineering (pyramids)
Astronomy, medicine, and mummification practices.
Conclusion
The understanding of science and technology has deep historical roots, with each ancient civilization contributing uniquely to the advancement of knowledge and practical applications.
Next Topic: Scientific and technological achievements of Greece and Rome.
References
Additional readings are provided for further understanding.