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Explain Adler's concept of 'fictional finalism' and its psychological significance.
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Fictional finalism refers to the idea that people are motivated by fictional goals that unify their personality, and they behave as if these goals are real.
Define 'social interest' according to Adler and explain its importance in his theory.
Social interest is the feeling of oneness with humanity, and it's crucial for psychological health and societal cohesion in Adler's theory.
What does Adler mean by 'style of life,' and how is it developed?
Style of life is the unique way an individual pursues their goals, developed through a consistent personality structure shaped by creative power.
How does Adler's view of personality development differ from Freud's?
Adler believed that individuals are largely responsible for shaping their personality, whereas Freud maintained that individuals have little choice in shaping their personality.
What are the key motivational sources for behavior according to Adler, contrasting with Freud?
Adler believed that social influences and striving for superiority or success are key motivators for behavior, unlike Freud, who focused on sex and aggression.
Contrast Freud's emphasis on unconscious components with Adler's view of consciousness.
While Freud emphasized unconscious components in behavior, Adler believed psychologically healthy people are aware of their actions and motivations.
How does Adler's Individual Psychology approach the concept of 'freedom and choice' in shaping personality?
Adler's approach posits that individuals have the freedom and choice to mold their personality, advocating responsibility for one's psychological health through social interest.
What are 'safeguarding tendencies,' and what forms do they take in Adler's theory?
Safeguarding tendencies protect the self-esteem of individuals and include excuses, aggression (depreciation, accusation, self-accusation), and withdrawal (moving backward, standing still, hesitating, constructing obstacles).
In Adler's model, what role do subjective perceptions play in shaping behavior and personality?
Subjective perceptions are crucial as they shape behavior and personality according to Adler's theory of individual psychology.
Discuss the role of 'creative power' in Adler's theory of personality.
Creative power allows individuals to shape their personality and style of life, providing the freedom to choose between healthy or neurotic paths.
How did Adler's early life experiences influence his professional interests?
Adler's early life experiences, such as his childhood illnesses and competition with his healthy brother, motivated him to pursue a career in medicine and later psychiatry.
Identify and describe the types of 'style of life' according to Adler.
The types of style of life are: Ruling, Getting, Avoiding, and Socially Useful.
Who were some of the thinkers influenced by Adler's theories?
Thinkers such as Abraham Maslow, Karen Horney, and Albert Ellis were influenced by Adler's theories.
How did Adler's relationship with Freud impact Adler's theoretical development?
Adler's relationship with Freud ended due to theoretical differences, leading Adler to develop his own school of thought known as individual psychology.
What factors lead to maladjustment, according to Adler?
Factors include physical deficiencies, pampered lifestyle, and neglect, leading to maladjustment.
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