all right so what is the line of latitude latitude circles the globe parallel to the equator it's these horizontal lines are a great way to remember that this is a latitude it's lateral or sideways orientation uh the way i think about it for latitude is it sounds like ladder right so if you were to look at this globe here on the right hand side it looks like the rungs of a ladder right you could sit there and climb the globe um so latitude ladder that's how i think about the lines that go this way um anyway so line's allowed to the equator has a latitude at zero degrees it cuts the air the globe in half right uh each degree north of the equator is increased by one degree until it reaches a 90 degrees north latitude each degree south decreases by one until it reaches negative 90 degrees south latitude uh yeah pretty self-explanatory right so every single rung is one degree right until you get to the north pole you're on the north pole you got 90. uh the way that you can think about this is that it it actually creates an angle through the core of the earth right so if you have zero here at the equator and then you have a line shooting out of the top it makes a right angle and that's like a 90 degree angle right so longitude the way i think about longitude is long like long longitude they're all the same size so if you look here at lines of latitude as you get closer to the pole the actual the line of latitude actually gets smaller and smaller and the 90 degrees so if you're at the north pole it's literally just vertical it's like a like a vertical line like a stick right uh so but lines of longitude however uh they're the exact same size around the entire globe so lines launch to connect the north and south poles when you're looking at a globe they are the vertical lines that run up and down so every single line of longitude is actually the same distance right because it's just going around the same way in a sphere right um so just like how uh and i think that's the next slide here just how lines of uh you know we have a zero degree for latitude running around the equator we also have zero degrees for a line of longitude and it's running vertically down the prime meridian uh which passes through greenwich england so uh if you go to the west of it you know or if you go uh west to the prime meridian uh you're gonna be a negative number and then if you go to the east of the prime meridian it's gonna be a positive number um there's actually on the other side you have the international date line as well but the international dateline's kind of it's it's not a perfect line of longitude uh that's mainly because geopolitical reasons uh that what where people define where the day starts um but there is obviously the other side of it so uh longitude actually goes from zero to 180 because 180 is halfway around a circle if a circle's 360 degrees right longitude goes from zero to 180 uh latitude only goes from zero to ninety so all righty so that's how i think about it latitude ladder right longitude long so all the long lines all the ladder lines it's it it's a it's a nice little like you know way to remember it um and i even i find myself today sometimes i'll just be like wait which one's which flatter lighter okay that one so it helps a little a little mental device here um so moving on here uh as you can imagine latitude and longitude lines intersect and create a grid system that you can use to pinpoint locations right makes sense right where does this line allow you and this line of longitude uh you know intersect what what point on the globe is that and we're gonna go through how to do that so every single line of latitude or launch to can be divided into degrees so degrees can be then subdivided into minutes and that doesn't actually have anything to do with time um but it's just a way to be more specific when you're using lines of latitude and longitude uh fun fact i don't believe that uh the faa will quiz this but minutes can also be subdivided into seconds so just like there's 60 minutes in an hour there's 60 minutes in a degree and then every single minute can be subdivided into 60 seconds has nothing to do with time uh that's just what they call it here so uh let's see what's next here yep there we go it's the next slide man i'm just teaching my own material here uh each degree is broken down into 60 minutes so one degree is made up of 60 minutes yep so for example uh we would take 35 degrees and then count up 35 degrees one minute two minute three minute all the way up till 60 and then it goes to 36 degrees right and like i said those can be subdivided even in seconds but we're not going to get into that um all righty so here's an example right find the taft kern county airport at 35 degrees north and 10 minutes north sorry 35 degrees and 10 minutes north and 119 degrees and 28 minutes west uh if you see so there's a couple like nomenclatures for a latitude longitude if you see the classic formula here of 35 degrees in 10 minutes it'll be short-handed like this so have a little degree symbol and the minutes are going to be just like a single apostrophe if you see seconds uh it's going to be quotations the double apostrophe also you'll see decimals so sometimes you'll just see 35.18354 or something like that that's just because it'll be more specific uh on your sectional chart though so the way that these charts are designed that you're flying an airplane you know and i know that we're doing the the whole drone uh uh you know fly you're flying unmanned aircraft but still you gotta be able to read a sectional and what you're doing is when you look at a section you get a look at it on the go and on the fly and you have to be able to figure stuff out right so it needs to be pretty easily legible right so decimals doesn't really make sense for us right so that's why i use the minutes uh oh and the other thing i was going to mention also is that it says north uh earlier we're talking about plus 90 and negative 90. if you just if you just use the north and the west then you're not going to use positive and negative it should it'll just be north and then instead of negative 35 10 would be actually south if that makes sense uh west is just to the west of the prime meridian and east is to the east of the prime meridian obviously but you're not going to see the positive and negative when you use the cardinal directions so all right so let's do this example here as i keep babbling on uh so 35 degrees north so what we're going to do is we're going to come here on our line of uh uh and one other thing that's kind of funny about this is that in order to like to find the latitude you have to use the line of longitude and i'll show you what i mean here so for example this right here so this right here it goes like this and it's like a rung on a ladder right so we know that's a line of latitude and it says 35 degrees but the actual line itself doesn't help you find latitude because the next line of latitude is going to be up here that's charted and that's actually going to be 35 degrees and 30 minutes and what i mean by that is so say you look here there's a bunch of little tick marks and those are going to be your lines of latitude so you have 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ten ten is the big one right so if you see ten so ten twenty thirty is your other big one right and of course they put a real line at 30. uh what i'm trying to get at here is that this is actually a line of longitude and what you're doing is they have tick marks on it for your lines of latitude can be a little confusing to wrap your head around at first uh but don't don't let that don't let that get to you don't let that bother you um anyway so uh i digress we're coming back to this example 35 degrees north so we have the 35 here that's your first step is finding where the big numbers are right sometimes on these charts you gotta gotta like search all over and then you find one in the corner and then you gotta go from there but so right here we have a 35 there's also a 35 over here and you're gonna see the numbers on the whole degree so what i mean by that is that you're not going to see a 35 and a half up here so we know 35 degrees north so we're there and then ten minutes so we get one two three four five six seven eight nine ten ten's the big mark so we know that it's going to be somewhere along this line now if you're a smartie pants and you jumped ahead you can pretty much tell that taff kern county airport's already right here so there you go like i said these questions are really straightforward and heck you didn't even have to know how to do the west right you just had to know how to do the line of latitudes if you just know the line of latitude you can figure out the question without even doing half half of the problem so anyway but um we'll now do the line of longitude the line of longitude now is 119 degrees so you'll see here in our previous example here's the 120 right so we know it's not 120 that's not what we need so if you come back here there's no number here and we know that it skips it so that's going to be 30 degrees so then we'll come back here and here's the 119. okay so this is a better example because you can actually see the 119 the 30 19 30 minutes and then 120 right here so we know that it's greater than 119 but less than 120 so it's in here it says 28 minutes west okay so uh we know this is 30. so you go 30 minus 2 is 28 right there and there is your line of longitude so we know that the airport's going to be somewhere along this line and if we take that 10 because you can even use this one right here 10 there's the 10 right and you know that it puts it right here the taft county uh taft kern county airport jeff kern anyone been there seems like a seems like a nice nice airport i'm guessing it's in california this looks like it's california i'm just saying that because the topography here rancho murrieta yeah baker oh bakersfield so bakersfield's in california yeah so this is like north just north of la okay cool making sense so far there's no there's no i haven't lost anyone yet look at that we still got stragglers coming in before we got we got 14 people now in the chat welcome everyone um maybe that may you know i maybe we'll just keep getting started later and later i don't know i like starting on time though okay oh my goodness is that it that's pretty much it that's the whole lecture folks so uh what we're gonna do is we're just gonna practice now so it says top five questions i think i've got like ten questions in there just because the lecture's so short um well let's just hop into it uh so what you need to have out is you need to have your um your uh testing supplement out because that's how you're gonna get the figures here so if you don't have the testing supplement let me go ahead and find a link to that real quick actually testing supplements and i'll make sure that everyone has that here okay so here's the link to it i'm gonna throw it in the chat let me know if this works so you should be able to click on that that's just the faa testing supplement that's what you'll have on your exam uh and they just it's all the figures so what i'm gonna do is i'm gonna go down to i don't think i have the uh the photo her way oh yeah there it is okay so for some reason i don't have the photo for this one but we'll go we'll start on number two here okay so uh number two uh question number 51 referring to figure number 26 which i have blown up conveniently on the right hand side uh what airport is located at 46 degrees north 56 minutes of latitude and 98 degrees west and 41 minutes of longitude um actually i don't really like how this question's worded because look at that they spelled out men's m-i-n-s and that's incorrect that is not how you show minutes in lies at launch two but i'm gonna give it you don't see the link in the chat oh i sent it to the panelists okay thanks justin i appreciate it let's send it to everyone oh so i said earlier we're gonna get started in a moment and nobody saw that in the chat in the chat my goodness goodness gracious okay panelists and attendees i just sent the the testing supplement out in the chat it's a good thing to save and have on your computer because then you can reference it i know in our practice exams uh we reference the testing supplement uh also but i do have the map blown up here on screen so you should be fine but it's a good thing to have so what i'm gonna do is i'm gonna give it like a minute here go ahead and try and answer this question let me give it just a minute i want to see some answers in the chat all right rob's coming out saying it's c anyone else anyone else bueller all right looks like people are coming up with c let's see how haha i get that one let's see let's see how that one goes uh so referring to figure number 26 what airport is looking at 46 minutes north so let's check that out here so let's find the first step is find the biggest numbers right so we have a 47 and a 99 okay so uh 46 is less than 47 so we know it's going to be south of this line here 56 minutes of latitude right so uh 56 so 60 minus 56 is gonna be four so we're just gonna count down four one two three four and guess what if you're already an a star student you already know it's along this line and we've already figured out that we're looking for we have two airports right so you've got the jamestown regional and the barnes county right so here's barnes county jamestown regional guess what you can get rid of the sprague airport so now you already made it 50 50 right your odds have increased that's awesome okay next we have 98 degrees west and 41 minutes of longitude so we have 99 so 98 is going to be less than that look here's the 98 too so you know it's going to be somewhere between these two and that already rules down jamestown regional okay i didn't even do the entire problem you know you can just you can deduct through you know uh deductive reasoning here so anyway 41 minutes we'll complete it so here's 30 right here's the big tick that's 40. so the 41's will be right there so what intersects right there it is the jamestown regional the answer is c nice job rob nice job glenn uh y'all get a a plus star and everyone else who didn't answer in the chat i want some more participation let's go let's get talking here all right jamestown regional sweet man we're gonna be blowing through these all right what do we got next here question number 50. refer to figure number 23 what is the significance of the flag located at 32 degrees and 22 minutes north and 81 degrees and 18 minutes west what do we got what do we got what is significance of the flag located there all right i'm going to give it like a minute here i want to see some participation see rob and ford already messed up they already outed themselves they they've already participated arleigh julio says c vfr reporting checkpoint okay anyone else all right glenn comes out and says c nice all right well guess what folks the answer is in fact c now the reason why i included this question uh is because it's kind of like a little uh it's not a trick question by any means but it's like a little um uh shortcut so for example do you even need to go do the latitude and longitude to figure out what that is if you know what the flag is on us on a chart if you already know that it's a that it's a vfr reporting checkpoint you don't even have to go look for it because you know that the only flag that there can be on a sectional chart is a vfr reporting checkpoint all right guys we're gonna go and uh we'll look at it so here's uh north of 32 22. so here we have let's find let's find our numbers right so there's no numbers on that one ah there's a number right here so there's 33 so we said 32 22. so you know it's gonna be less than that's that's 32 30. so minus eight from this you got uh there's a big one right there's a big one so it's going to be probably somewhere somewhere along this line okay and then you have uh 81 so there's 81 and 18 is going to be uh let's see there's 10 there's 20 20 minus 2 18. oh look at that puts you right there after i shoot on this one so 10 20 minus 2 18 right there there's springfield and there is a little uh springfield's underline and there is a flag that flag does mean it's a vfr reporting checkpoint what does that mean a vfr reporting checkpoint is an area on a sectional chart where you if you were to call atc air traffic control and you were to say hey uh you know i'm gonna be flying my drone over here at springfield uh they're gonna go boom they know where that is because it's on the chart as a vfr reporting checkpoint uh that being said you don't actually need to contact atc to go fly in springfield why is that because it's class g airspace uh up to uh 1200 feet here so if you don't know what i'm talking about uh go study and if you do know what i'm talking about come attend my lecture on airspace uh like i said this earlier we're going to keep rotating through them uh the answer was to see if we have our point checkpoint uh so we'll come back and do another airspace lecture for all you for all you new folk all right here we go we got another one question number 52 you've been hired to inspect uh the tower under construction at 46.9 north and 98.6 west near jamestown regional what must you receive prior to your flying your unmanned aircraft in this area all right ryan and mark julio hey glenford hey robert hey you know what's funny when like someone's like puts like a right and then a is the wrong answer and then everyone else also starts putting a because they see it blowing up in the chat but the answer is in fact they yeah it doesn't make sense authorization from the military it's never gonna happen authorization from the national park service wow so the answer is in fact a that is correct um the the area that they're referring to um i believe is just this restricted area but let's find out you've been hiring respect the tower under construction at 46.9 so here's an example where you'll see 46.9 uh so here's 47 so 46 oh i guess they're not talking about better versus 46 and then 98.6 so uh 98.66 is gonna be more than 50. oh it's just the classy airspace around jamestown under the tower near jamestown regional yeah so the tower under construction is going to be in this area here which is class e airspace uh you don't need authorization for the military on the national park service to operate in classic airspace so ta-da good job everyone that's kind of an airspace question but you see what i mean like you don't really now that one you would have to go look up so you gotta see what kind of airspace you're dealing with um all right uh question number 54. what is the line of latitude uh area four measure rob says b carlos says b north and south so the answer is in fact uh msnb jerusalem eastern west east no the answer is north and south from the equator remember latitude means ladder so you climb on it like a ladder it goes uh it measures north and south even though the line goes like this you're measuring north south so cool answers b nice all right we got a couple more here uh here's just another sectional question because uh why not you got no sectional knowledge anyways uh on a vfr sectional chart what is a r ah what is an r with a circle around a represent sorry i didn't mean to yell there but i accidentally showed the answer so hope you didn't see it uh if you did see it then pretend you didn't uh what does an r with a circle around it represent anyone yeah carlos says c yeah julia says yeah yeah yeah yeah okay i messed up the issue was my finger was like pressed down and i was trying i didn't want to like let go of it if i let go of it then it would show the answer yeah uh the answer is c private airport the way i think about r with a circle is that it's restricted so r restricted as in like yeah i know i gave away the answer i know i know the answer is uh it's it's like it's restricted so it's like private so that's how i think about it uh i think we got another one though so not to worry not to worry folks uh question 56 what airport is located approximately 47 degrees and 40 minutes north and then 101 degrees and 26 minutes west what airport is that all right well yeah garrison okay so people are saying hey nice and i'll go through it real quick what airport's located at 47 degrees and 40 minutes north so first steps always remember find the big number right so there's a 48 right there so 4740 so you know it's going to be -10 so it's going to be somewhere along this line here right 47 40 okay and then 100 126 you have 101 right there 26 is gonna be like right uh there no that's wait 10 20 26 would be like right there so i mean that's that and then what i say 47 40. oh 47 40. i'm sorry i'm sorry yeah yeah so there's 48 47 30. so there's 47 40. thermal intersects right there garrison your screen covers the latitude number on the chart uh actually there's a there's a there's a line of latitude right there so 48 degrees and then there's 101 degree right there so i hope that uh i hope you can see it your screen covers a lot it's a number on the chart yeah well there's two numbers right there in the middle of the chart so um anyway so but it sounds like everyone got it so garrison airport awesome and you know if you guys are finding this easy that's good you know i mean that means that you understand it it means you know how to do it so uh it's really not a complex topic uh once you once you do a couple of them they're all kind of you know cut and dry the same thing so all right uh here we go oh this is a foam one uh because this is like a two part question you gotta know both parts so what is the height egl of the tower located at uh 4714 north in 98 11 west well i'd be able to watch this again i'm so lost oh no charles charles yeah you can absolutely watch it again uh speak up man what are you lost about what's going on am i am i moving too quickly am i too fast and you know if if i'm no trying to just at work i'm so distracted well yeah uh these are recorded it's also live on facebook so it'll be in the group you can watch it on facebook in fact i should say hi to my facebook folks rob says c nice rob let me let me just go check facebook real quick and make sure that it is in fact live streaming after i just went through everything already lovely um let's go check university all right well rob got c um is everyone else is everyone else getting it because only one person's answered c so far so come on everyone everyone when it was the easy question everyone was like hop and hopping on it right now it's a little bit tougher question people are like being a little more reserved um no shame in getting a question wrong no shame whatsoever we are here to learn yeah so i'm live on facebook right now so you'll be able to oh eddie eddie's on facebook awesome eddie welcome on facebook man sorry i uh uh have neglected okay so we got a couple here and this this is good i like when people have different answers because then it creates a conversation discussion right so rob says that c julio says is a carlos says it's c uh ryan says it's c but then changes his answer to actually we're all over the place and i love to hear it so we'll go through it first of all let's locate the tower right so what is the height ago the tower located at 47 14. so here we have 47 we know 10's right there so 10 11 12 13 14. so we know it's gonna be pretty much along this line here uh where the restricted airspace is that's that's pretty convenient so there's 10 11 12 13 14 right there okay i'm gonna leave my mouse there uh and remember when you're taking a test what i usually do is i just put put my finger there and then and then as i go look up the other thing you know and then i kind of do one of these things and kind of bring my fingers together also you have pencils so you it's like a straight edge yeah um 98 degrees west and 11 uh in 98 11. so let's find the the 99 so the 99's here so 98 is going to be here there's the 98 and 11 so there's 10 11. so we know it's right there it's along this line and then we have uh what i said it's like just short of that so okay so here's the tower we've located the tower now there's a 1729 and a 306 okay the 1729 is uh is referring to the msl altitude okay the big number is the msl altitude uh what is agl agl means above ground level so when we look at this chart uh the ground i'll answer that question in just a moment charles let me finish this so uh the ground goes like this right like there's all sorts of topography uh you have mountains and review like you know valleys and stuff so the ground is always changing but when you're flying an airplane in a drone of course but when you're flying an airplane you want to be able you you're flying in the air you don't really care like you care how high you are off the ground but you don't want you don't have the calculation but you don't know how what ground elevation is all over the united states right so what you do is when you look at your chart you want to be able to look at your chart quickly know that oh dag um there's a there's a there's a obstacle right here and it's at 1700 feet how high am i off the ground i don't want to have to do that math like one flying i just want to look at my altimeter and see that my altimeter says 17 or says 19 says 2000 right my altimeter says 2000 it's over 1729 i've got 200 200 and what 80 feet of clearance right i'm not going to hit the tower okay so that's why it's in the big number the small number is going to be the ago and that's going to say actually how high the tower is off the ground and the tower here is exactly 306 feet now a cool little trick you can do is if you want to figure out what ground elevation is at that specific point you can take 1729 the msl altitude and subtract 306 because 306 how high is above the ground so it so the out the elevation of the ground there is going to be 17 29 minus 306 you're looking at about 14 14 23 is going to be the elevation on the ground not that that's really important right now but just to provide context so the answer is in fact c sorry c uh how'd y'all get a are you looking at the wrong tower oh you're probably just looking at the wrong tower ah okay so everyone got the msl versus agl it was just the wrong tower y'all y'all were looking at this tower yeah yeah yeah yeah it's all good man so that's why that's why it's a tricky question you know you gotta you gotta stay on your toes um and really double check your work uh charles asked a question my first question is why west 98 is actually east of your starting point okay so when it says west 98 what it's referring to is that your 98 lines are degrees west of the prime meridian so in the united states the united states in general is west of england right so everything that we're going to do is going to be west if you go east of england like germany russia china anything east of england then that's all gonna be east right uh so that's why it's west right uh when you're saying it's actually by the uh uh that gum i just lost the question when it's when it's east of your starting point so what you're doing is you're just looking for reference so so the numbers are going to increase from right to left if that makes sense because the further left you go the further west you go so that's why the number here 98 is gonna keep going up up up up up up up up up up and then here's 99 because you're continuously going west so that's why the number gets larger if you start off at 99 you're looking for 98 so in this example i found the 99 and it's 9811 you just go to the right because it's gonna be less right if that makes sense charles keep the questions coming i love questions i love talking all right uh oh wow look we have another one too all right here we go uh figure number 26 uh you've been commissioned to fly in a wildlife preserve located at 4740 north in 9831 west can you accept the job what are we thinking oh he goes lol i meant no yeah ryan says c rob says see okay so uh we got a healthy mix and i like that like i said a nice healthy mix all right um oh my goodness i hope you're really not hearing my facebook go off because that's really annoying and i'm just gonna close my facebook there we go um so 47 40. so here we have um 47 right uh and then we have there's a there's a big number we know this is 47 30. so 47 40 is going to be 10 plus the 30 so one two three four five six there's the big number so it's right there okay so there's our line of latitude and then we have 98 31 so we have 98 here's 98 30 31 boom okay so there's the johnson lake national wildlife refuge that right there is where you're gonna be flying okay uh looks like a kind of a cool spot so uh did you actually have to find it on the map to answer the question no but that's where it is that's what it's talking about and that's what a wildlife refuge looks like uh the answer c uh you you can so we'll talk about why a's wrong a is wrong uh because you are able to fly in a national wildlife refuge uh just because it's a wildlife refuge doesn't mean that you can't fly there uh the way that i would proceed about doing that is i guess in life but particularly in aviation um it's always better to exercise caution right you always want to be in the clear like you don't you don't want to i'd rather you ask first rather than the area around it reads restricted yeah so so charles so what that's referring to is is this so uh this thin hatched line this blue line that is a restricted area this whole area like this this blue that don't get it confused with the magenta magenta is a moa but uh the blue thatched line are restricted areas so r 540 r5402 or 5401 5402 i4 r4 5403 um those are the restricted areas the actual wildlife refuge is not a restricted area however it's in a wildlife refuge so it says no you can't ever enter restricted airspace that's not true you can fly in restricted airspace you just need to have prior authorization from air traffic control so that's why the answer c is correct uh can you find a national wildlife refuge area the the answer is yes you can um however if i were you i would call who's ever in charge of the national wildlife refuge and i would make sure that they're okay with it i know you can legally do it uh but it is always better to dodge your t's and cross your eyes wait i said that backwards dot your eyes and cross your t's then to find yourself accidentally busting some sort of airspace or something and then getting in trouble losing your certificate losing your drone right and that would just be an absolute mess the faa will come after you it's it's a mess so always ask first even even if you can legally do it just you know a quick phone call five minute phone call can can save you a lot of hassle uh you would have to look more into the wildlife uh preservation rules and stuff um i know there's a couple like special rules i don't know them off the top of my head but in general you can find a national wildlife refuge that's why the answer is c so okay cool q a time