Language Learning Lecture Notes

Main Topic: Identifying Parts of Speech

Basic Knowledge About Language and Sentences

• Word: Small phrases used in sentence construction.
• Sentence: A group of words that delivers a meaningful message.

Sentence Structure

1. Combatting Words: Nominal Phrases, Verbs, Objects, etc.
   • Subject: The word performing the action (e.g., Ram, Bablu)
   • Object: The one receiving the action
2. Phrases and Clauses: Small groups of words and their different meanings

Parts of Speech

• 1. Noun (संज्ञा)

  • Proper, Common, Abstract
  • Names of people, places, things
  • Identification: Using articles (a, an, the) and context

• 2. Pronoun (सर्वनाम)

  • Words used in place of nouns (such as he, they)
  • Personal, Demonstrative, Interrogative, Reflexive

• 3. Verb (क्रिया)

  • Actions, activities, or states
  • Identification: Able to change the tense of the sentence

• 4. Adjective (विशेषण)

  • Words that describe the characteristics of a noun
  • Degrees: Comparative, Superlative (big, biggest)
  • Usage based on the attribute

• 5. Adverb (क्रिया विशेषण)

  • Words describing the characteristics of a verb
  • Difference between Preposition and Adverb
    • Preposition: Comes before a noun
    • Adverb: Qualifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb

• 6. Preposition (संबंधबोधक)

  • Words showing relationships (e.g., in, on, at)
  • Used with nouns and pronouns

• 7. Conjunction (संयोजक)

  • Words that join words or sentences (such as and, but, because)
  • Examples: and (और), or (या), but (लेकिन)

• 8. Interjection (विस्मयादिबोधक)

  • Words expressing emotions (such as Wow!, Oh!)

Special Study

• Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs

  • Transitive Verb: Requires an object
  • Intransitive Verb: Does not require an object

• The Function of Mixed Verbs

• Various Arguments and Examples