Musculoskeletal Disorders and Medications

Osteoarthritis

• Causes: Wear and tear, genetics, lifestyle factors like obesity, high-impact jobs.
• Pathophysiology: Repetitive use damages articular cartilage, leading to bone-on-bone friction.
• Symptoms: Joint motion loss, pain with weight bearing, secondary inflammation, difficulty with TMJ activities.

Treatment

• Adaptive devices like canes.
• Mild exercise and range-of-motion exercises.
• Pain management with glucosamine chondroitin, NSAIDs, analgesics.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Nature: Autoimmune, chronic systemic inflammatory disease, more common in women.
• Pathophysiology: Synovitis, abnormal tissue in joints, cartilage erosion.
• Symptoms: Joint inflammation, stiffness, fatigue, low-grade fever.

Treatment

• Delay progression, maintain function, relieve symptoms.
• Medications: NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, methotrexate, infliximab, rituximab, anakinra.

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Characteristics: More acute onset, can involve enlarged lymph nodes, liver, eyes.

Gout

• Cause: Uric acid crystal deposits due to purine-rich diet or poor renal excretion.
• Management: Reduce purine foods, use NSAIDs.

Drug Therapy

• Short Term: NSAIDs, Indomethacin, Colchicine.
• Long Term: Allopurinol, Febuxostat, Probenecid.

Ankylosing Spondylitis

• Nature: Chronic, progressive inflammatory condition, thought to be autoimmune.
• Symptoms: Lower back pain, spine rigidity, eye inflammation.

Bone Disorders

Osteoporosis

• Pathophysiology: Decreased bone mass and density.
• Risk Factors: Post-menopausal, low calcium intake, smoking.

Treatment

• Medications: Bisphosphonates, Calcitonin, Raloxifene, Tamoxifen.

Rickets

• Cause: Vitamin D and phosphate deficit.
• Impact: Weak bones, skeletal deformities.

Paget Disease

• Change: Bone replaced by fibrous tissue.

Osteomyelitis

• Nature: Bone infection.

Muscular Disorders

Muscular Dystrophy

• Type: Autosomal recessive disorders.
• Symptoms: Early motor weakness, waddling gait.

Fibromyalgia

• Nature: Pain and stiffness in muscles and soft tissues.
• Treatment: Stress management, exercise, NSAIDs.

Muscle Relaxant Drugs

• Categories: Drugs for spasm and spasticity.

Spasticity Drugs

• Types: Baclofen, Dantrolene.

Muscle Spasm Treatment

• Methods: Hot/cold therapy, physical therapy, NSAIDs.

Medications

• Ondansetron: Antipsychotic for nausea.
• Cyclophosphamide: Cytotoxic medication.
• Cisplatin: Platinum compound for DNA cross-linking.
• Methotrexate: Antimetabolite for RA.
• Fluorouracil: Pyrimidine analog.
• Vincristine: Mitotic inhibitor.
• Tamoxifen: Estrogen receptor blocker.
• Leuprolide: Gonadotropin inhibitor.
• NSAIDs: Aspirin, Indomethacin, Ibuprofen.
• DMARDs: Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab.
• Gout Medications: Allopurinol, Probenecid, Febuxostat.
• Other: Prednisone, Alendronate, Raloxifene, Lyrica.