good day everyone this is our first topic for the prelim grading period entitled general considerations of the course the course i'm referring to is your principles of medical laboratory science one before anything else i would just like to repeat that all the topics that will be discussed for the entire semester will be in a synchronous i will provide you with a powerpoint every thursday and the week after that every wednesday will be our quiz day so take note of that okay so to start with the objective of this course is actually to discuss the history of medical technology on a global context to discuss the history of medical technology in the united states as well as in the philippines and to identify important personalities that played a significant role in the progress of medical technology profession at the same time we will discuss the historical milestone in medical technology okay so let's start by defining what is medical technology so medical technology also known as clinical laboratory science or the science of laboratory medicine involves the application of diagnostic preventive and therapeutic medicine to monitor and improve the management of health condition so take note diagnostic preventive and therapeutic medicine okay to improve the management of health condition among other things there are different definitions of medical technology such as in this one it is defined as a branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analysis used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health so take note diagnosis and treatment of disease okay that utilizes analysis another definition is that medical technology is the hell is a health profession concerned with performing laboratory analysis so again laboratory analysis in view obtaining information necessary in the again diagnosis and treatment of diseases as well as in the maintenance of good health another definition states that it is an application of the principles of natural physical and biological sciences in laboratory procedures to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases however in legal terms such as in our case in the philippines we have a legal definition of medical technology as stipulated and act 5527 also known as the philippine medical technology act of 1969 according to republica 5527 this is the legal basis for the definition of medical technology it is defined as an examination of tissues secretion and excretion of the human body and body fluids by various electronic chemical microscopic and other medical laboratory procedures or techniques either manual or automated and the purpose of which is to aid the physician in the diagnosis study and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general okay so as you can see with regards to the different definition of medical technology the common denominator to the different definitions are analysis diagnosis and treatment of diseases as well as aid the physician in this type of situation to aid the physician in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases more so medical technology is considered to be an interdisciplinary science because it trains people or personnel in the science of hematology clinical chemistry medical microbiology clinical microscopy immunology serology and general pathology okay so take note of that as we go along we will also discuss the different milestone to the science of laboratory medicine the origin of our profession so according to george eber who discovered a papyrus containing a compilation of medical texts that up to the earliest time around 1500 bc the egyptian culture has already practiced several methods that aids the position in the various medical procedures such as in cases of contraception pregnancy eye and skin problems surgery burns and even intestinal diseases and parasites this oldest preserved egyptian compilation of medical texts which was discovered by george eber is known as the evers papirus okay this was named after the discoverer which is george eber it is actually a 110 page long scroll that contains as what i've told you different medical procedures including in the science of laboratory medicine in fact one of its content was that it describes the treatment of hookworm diseases and infection that can be transmitted to humans vivian herrick also known as the first medical technologies who trace the beginning of medical technology when intestinal parasites such as stenya and ascaris were first identified in 1500 bc another notable figure was hippocrates the father of medicine who contributed to the science of laboratory medicine and he was the one who advocated the use of mind and senses as diagnostic tools he was this he was the one who described the four humors of body fluid in the human body way back in 14th century bc and during those times the first and the oldest laboratory procedure was performed in greek culture and we call that your analysis or the study of urine wherein they tend to pour urine on the ground in order to attract insects and if insects were attracted then they would conclude that the patient is diagnosed to have boils boils are large pimples okay so according to hippocrates the four humers or body fluids is a source of the person's deposition and it can be characterized and it can be characterized to describe whether the patient is healthy or is having a disease or disability so the four humors according to hippocrates are the following blood flame yellow bile and black bile so these four humors has been attributed to the sedimentation of your blood that according to hippocrates the four humors were based upon the observation of blood as drawn in a glass container and left undisturbed for about an hour so after an hour the blood will tend to separate into four different layers such as you have the black bile which is the dark clot at the bottom the blood which is above the clot is a layer of rbc then you have the flame above is a whitish layer of wbc and the yellow bile on top is the top layer that is clear which is usually called the yellow serum so that according to the central hippocratic doctrine of humoral pathology all diseases were due to the disorder of these four humors or body fluids and even the appearance of bubbles according to hippocrates and the surface of urine can indicate that a person might be suffering from a kidney disease and a chronic illness so another person who contributed to the science of laboratory medicine in the ancient times is rufus episodes in 50 a.d he was the one who made the first description of bhimaturiya himatoria is the presence of blood in the urine from the word hema which is blood and urea which is which is urine this is due to the ability of the kidneys according to him to filter blood in the middle ages euroscopy which is defined as a diagnosis by visual examination of urine against a water casting method which is usually a flask so comparing your urine to water and describing the color of the urine that is what that is how they do it during those times by providing a urine flask which symbolizes medieval medicine because that was the most common laboratory or medical procedure that was performed during those times so it was just like a fashion trend in the middle ages whenever they diagnosed a patient aside from that issac judeos a jewish physician and a philosopher wrote a book entitled kitab al-ba'ul or the body of urine containing detailed concepts of urine formation urine sediments and urine characteristics in relation to diseases he was also the one who formulated rules for the use of urine in patients diagnosis such as in the case of buroscopy and he was the one one of the founders of the origins of nephrology nephrology is the study of the kidney the jerusalem code of 1090 states that failure of physicians to examine patients urine was punishable by public beating meaning to say during those time it was actually imposed that prior to the medical examination other medical examination of patients urine examination was the foremost medical procedure that must be performed before a patient can be diagnosed of a disease and failure to do so will be punishable by public beating greetings i'm sorry zakarias johnson and his father hans invented the microscope in 1590s and that is the reason why it also contributed to the science of laboratory medicine because most often in the field of laboratory medicine we use the microscope to visualize things that are present in the different body fluids and because of the the invention of the microscope it helped a lot in laboratory medicine especially in the diagnosis of diseases ruth williams in the medieval period believed that medical technology began from this period as supported by the fact that your analysis was considered a fad it was becoming a fashion trend even before the hindu doctors also practiced uh the examination of urine and they made the scientific observation that the urine of certain individuals attracted to ants because of its sweetest taste and therefore they could conclude that this individual is suffering from a medical condition known as diabetes and on in 14th century believed that medical technology started when a prominent italian doctor at the university of bologna employed alessandra giliani to perform different tasks in the lab however she died due to laboratory acquired infection so a prominent italian doctor employed a person probably a laboratory assistant to perform different laboratory procedure without thinking that this could be a risk on her part by acquiring certain infections which account which actually resulted to her death in 15th century the discovery of the different dyes such as aniline dyes used in staining microorganisms was actually developed and because of that it helped a lot in the science of laboratory medicine because we are able to identify certain micro organism according to their shape and size anton van luen in 1632 considered to be the father of microbiology he was the first one to solve bacteria and classified them according to shapes describe blood cells muscle fibers spermatozoa and even protozoa but during those time during the time of anton van luenlo luin hook sorry there was no dye that was applied to this type of organism or to the different uh blood cells muscle fibers including spermatozoa and protozoa it was purely based on his observation when using the microscope atanisius kircher in 1646 was the great test of the early microscopys because he was able to identify blood of patients with plagues that contained worms according to him and these worms which he described are actually parasites parasitic worms marcelo malpigi an italian microscopic in 1628 and 1694 contributed to embryology and anatomy and he was made known because of this as the founding father of modern anatomic pathology so he was the one who first described the different parts of the human blood body through his work as an anatomist john baptist van helmond in 15th century introduced the gravimetric analysis of urine by weighing a number of 24-hour urine specimen against water okay so he was the one to describe that a urine will have a specific gravity that is mostly more than the specific gravity of water richard lower in 1631 investigated and showed that blood transfusion from one animal to another is possible and because of his findings this also contributed to the science of laboratory medicine frederick deckers in 1694 observed that there are proteins in the urine that can be precipitated by boiling and by using acid you know to precipitate urine this method which he developed was very useful in the diagnostic procedure of proteinuria proteinuria is the presence of protein in the urine okay so if there are proteins in the urine that could be an indication that a person might be suffering from a kidney disease william yuson in 17th century discovered that plasma could be separated from the blood cells when the blood clots coagulable limb could be precipitated from the plasma also upon the application of temperature higher than 50 degrees centigrade and coagulabolim will usually contain fibrinogen because of his study he was able to contribute to the science of laboratory medicine by separating different components of the blood in the 19th century it was an era of public health wherein water treatment was introduced in the drinking water or potable water in order to prevent persons or people from getting sick pasteurization of milk was also introduced during those times in order to prevent of course the community from getting sick and there was much emphasis in the improvement of hygiene in order to prevent also from getting sick rudolph virgo in 18th century recognized as the father of microscopic pathology and is the founder of archives which is the collection of records of pathology in berlin he was also the one who formulated the cell curie hermann von feling which is a german chemist in 18th century develop and perform the first qualitative glucose test for urine so that if glucose is present in the urine the person is usually diagnosed to have a conditioned medical condition such as diabetes john snow in 18th century studied cholera outbreak in london and brought the situation under control by identifying the source of the contamination so according to john no jon snow during the time wherein a lot of people got sick because of cholera and by tracing how the people acquired the infection he was able to found out that the source of the infection is the water pump this one so the water pump is the source of the infection so what he did was he removed the valve from the water pump in order for the people not to contaminate their hands with organism present in the bulb of the water pumps lewis pasture in 18th century studied aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was the one who developed pasteurization as a method to prevent wine from spoiling pasteurization pasteurization as a method to sterilize the milk before drinking and he was the first one to develop the anthrax vaccine by unidentifying the cause of anthrax which is basiloos anthracis handrai kerman robert a german physician and microbiologist he is one of the main founders of modern bacteriology and he was able also to identify bacillus anthracis which is the causative agent of anthrax including mycobacterium tuberculosis which is the caustic agent of tuberculosis vibrio cholerae which is the causative agent of cholera and he was the one who identified this specific causative agent and gave experimental support for the concept of infectious diseases by doing so his experimental studies was supported by his famous postulate which is known as the cox postulate these are generalized principles that link specific microorganism to specific diseases that remain today as the gold standard in medical microbiology specifically in our field as medical technology so according to robert the experimental steps that would prove that a person will get sick because of a certain microorganism states that the uh same micros organism are present in every case of the disease so that when that microorganism got sick the microorganism are isolated from the tissue of that animal and a pure culture is prepared when we say pure culture we allow the organism to grow in a certain environment and once the organism has grown or multiplied in a certain environment that organism is harnessed and is injected into a healthy organism and once it enters the body of the healthy organism that organism must develop the same type of disease okay so once the or the animal or the organism develops the same type of disease we can again isolate the microorganism that causes the disease and allow it to grow in a specific environment also known as a culture which we can say that that organism is the same organism that killed the first animal again i will repeat these are the steps that the cox postulate develop in order to identify certain organisms that is the cause of certain diseases and take note this is the gold standard as what i've told you in medical microbiology when we perform and identify microorganism as the causative agent of diseases in the mid 1800s laboratory tests for the following were introduced this assured in the continuous development and progress of laboratory medicine in the field of medical science such as tuberculosis cholera typhoid and the diphtheria were developed in order to identify or there were laboratory tests that were developed to identify tuberculosis cholera typhoid and diphtheria in order to diagnose them easily the first hospital to open a laboratory in britain is the guy's hospital and the university of michigan hospital is the first clinical laboratory set up in the united states so aside from that the medical technology or the field of medical technology in the united states evolved in the late 19th century where in there were an emergence of clinical laboratories in the united states so that dr william welch established a laboratory at bellevue hospital medical college in 18th century 1878 to be exact he gave the first laboratory course in pathology in an american medical school and he became the first professor of pathology at john hopkins university in 1885. dr william osler also contributed to the science of laboratory medicine when he opened the first clinical lab in 1896 at the john hopkins hospital in this laboratory routine examinations was performed and special tests for blood malarial parasites uh were performed no malarial parasite in terms of identification i mean were performed so clinical lab also opened at the university of pennsylvania which was called the william pepper laboratory in the 19th century specifically in 1908 dr jane c todd wrote the clinical diagnosis a manual of laboratory methods clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods was edited by john bernard henrys this is the fundamental source in the practice of laboratory medicine and this is the most widely used book in terms of reference in the field of laboratory medicine and laboratory methods so john bernard henry is a soldier a physician he was a soldier because he was enlisted in the navy united states navy he was a physician during those time when he was still in the united states navy he was also a prolific author and editor of medica many medical textbooks he was actually a pathologist and he was the one who edited the clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods from the 14th edition up to the 20th edition the state legislature of pennsylvania in the 19th century required all hospitals to have adequate laboratory and employ a full time laboratory technician because during those times they they saw the need for laboratories to be put up in the hospital because it was a way to improve the medical profession or the medical procedure in terms of diagnosis and treatment of diseases so that in world war one there was an important factor in the growth of clinical lab and it created a great demand for clinical laboratory technicians including assistants who were taught to do some tests by the practicing positions in 1923 the university of minnesota issued a course bulletin entitled courses in medical technology for clinical and laboratory technicians this is the first course to offer a degree level program in 1923 and in 1936 the american board of pathology was established in world war ii it marked a great effect on laboratory medicine because of the development of the use of blood transfusion which utilizes the closed system blood collection instrumentation began its advancement automation also began its investment in the laboratory quality control programs was instituted in the laboratory to assure that all the results of the tests were reliable and validated so i guess that was the history of medical technology in the united states let's now proceed to the history of medical technology in the philippines so how did medical technology started in the philippines well it started during world war ii in 1939 up to 1945 in december 7 1941 pearl harbor was invaded by japan it was not invaded i'm sorry it was bombarded by japan then japan invaded the philippines after three days causing the us to enter the war the effect was that sickness and death were rampant because of the war so that in 1944 u.s bases were built in late and uh united states army brought members of the healthcare team to the philippines to resolve health problems of soldiers and the filipinos as well okay so that as what i've told you the u.s army brought the members of the healthcare team to the philippines this is uh the sixth infantry division of the us army that established the 26th medical laboratory of the sixth u.s army and introduced medical technology in the philippines so the us army was the one who introduced the medical laboratory uh science in the philippines so the first clinical laboratory in the philippines was actually located at 208 kirikada street santa cruz manila now known as the public health laboratory which became a division of the manila health department in february 1944 high school graduates were recruited and provided with one year training to work as laboratory technicians because during those times voila formal education in the field of medical technology so that in june 1945 the staff of the sixth us army left the facility and the clinical laboratory that was established by the sixth us army was endorsed to the national department of health dr pio de roda was the one who dislocated staff of the 26 medical laboratory i'm sorry i'm sorry dr pio de roda was the first doctor who have worked with the us army and he was one of the staff of the 26th medical laboratory so he was the one who preserved the remains of the laboratory that was left behind by the sixth u.s army with the help of dr mariano icaciano dr mariano icaciano at the time was the first health officer of the of manila and the laboratory was later later named manila public health laboratory that is the first laboratory that was established in the philippines uh that was located in 208 kirikata street santa cruz manila so it was later named manila public health laboratory after the us army left the country so it was entrusted to dr pio de roda and dr mariano icaciano so that in 1947 a training program for individual aspiring to become lab workers was offered by dr pio de roda in collaboration with dr podentia santa anna because there was a need to train people to work in the laboratory and at the time they were having they were having a hard time looking for laboratory technician so they offered a training program in order to attract individuals to work as lab technician so the trainees were mostly high school graduates and paramedical graduates dr pio de roda instructed dr santa anna to prepare a formal syllabus of the training program so that in 1954 the training began using a syllabus and it was to last for six months so there was a training of six months for aspiring laboratory technician after a short while however dr bjones joined dr pio de roda and dr santana in establishing a formal program training program for laboratory technician however the training program did not last long okay so that what happened after that there was a formal medical technology education that was established in the philippines because there was really a need uh to create laboratories and to hire uh laboratory personnel to work in the in in the field of laboratory medicine so that formal medical technology education was offered in the philippines and this was established by dr wheeler hilgert hedrick which which actually put up a school in the philippines together with dr ruben manalasai and reverend warren this school offered a course or a program for medical technology and with the help of mrs antoinette mckelvey they prepared the course curriculum and established the first complete laboratory in microbiology parasitology histopathology which was located at manila sanitarium hospital in 1956 mr jess omali was the first student to have graduated from the philippine union college in 1954 where in this philippine the school philippine union college was the first to offer a four-year bsmt course or bachelor of science in medical technology through its sister establishment the manila sanitarium hospital so the first medical technology graduate in the philippines it was mr jess o'malley in 1957 up to 1958 the university of santo tomas offered an elective course in pharmacy leading to a bachelor of science in medical technology so during those time medical technology course was an elective course in the field of pharmacy so meaning to say pharmacies then you have the option to proceed to medical technology so that was the program that was offered by the university of santo tomas dr antonio gabriel and dr gustavo reyes of the faculty of pharmacy together with reverend lorenzo rodriguez decided to offer it as a course so that in june 14 1961 there was a full recognition of the four-year bachelor of science in medical technology course mrs purificacion sonicosuacco undertook feasibility study for the offering of bachelor of science in medical technology course the first batch graduated in 1962 and the university of the philippines offered a similar course but the program is known as bachelor of science in public health even up to now there is no bachelor of science in medical technology with respect to the university of the philippines because the program ever since in terms of laboratory science is known as bachelor of science in public health okay so there are post-graduate courses for bachelor of science in medical technology we have a master of science in medical technology which is being offered by the university of santo tomas the philippine women's university and of course yours truly san pedro college there is a nan theses masters of public health which is offered by the university of the philippines as well as the davao medical school foundation it is a one-year program that actually is offered as a course in the field of bachelor of science in medical technology so to end our discussion according to pearl bach allow me to quote if you want to understand today you have to search yesterday thank you and study well you