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Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with symptoms of lethargy and prolonged PR/QT intervals on an EKG?
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Hypermagnesemia
What is the normal range for chloride (Cl⁻) in the body?
95-105 mEq/L
What are the effects of diuretics on electrolyte balance?
Diuretics can cause electrolyte imbalances such as hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypochloremia.
What can cause hypophosphatemia related to electrolyte imbalances?
Overuse of aluminum antacids and overactive parathyroid.
What is the normal range of sodium (Na⁺) in the body?
135-145 mEq/L
What is the main symptom of Addison's disease related to sodium?
Hyponatremia
List two causes of hypomagnesemia.
Poor dietary intake, malabsorption disorders, and prolonged PPI use.
What electrolyte imbalance could be indicated by convulsions, hyperactive reflexes, and a positive Chvostek's sign?
Hypocalcemia
Name two causes of hypercalcemia.
Overactive parathyroid and increased Vitamin D.
Name the condition characterized by symptoms such as bone pain, fractures, and erythrocyte destruction.
Hypophosphatemia
Which condition is described by the muscle twitches and tall peaked T waves on an EKG?
Hyperkalemia
List three symptoms of hyperkalemia.
Muscle weakness, little/no urine output, and respiratory failure.
How does insufficient calcium intake typically present in terms of muscle symptoms?
Muscle spasms and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs.
What are the normal levels of magnesium (Mg²⁺) in the body?
1.5-2.5 mg/dL
What are the common causes of hypernatremia?
Excessive sodium intake, dehydration, Cushing's syndrome, Conns syndrome, and diabetes insipidus.
Describe two symptoms of hypokalemia related to the heart.
Cardiac dysrhythmias (e.g., ST depression, shallow T wave) and projecting U wave.
Identify three symptoms of hypochloremia.
Dehydration, increased heart rate, and decreased blood pressure.
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