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Why is ATP production critical for cell function?
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ATP is essential for numerous cellular processes and energy transfer in cells; without it, cells cannot maintain their functions.
Why is ongoing research important for mitochondrial health?
Research is important because mitochondrial dysfunction affects ATP production, which is critical for cell health, and can lead to diseases.
How does cyanide impact cellular respiration?
Cyanide blocks ATP production by inhibiting the electron transport chain.
What is the total ATP yield from aerobic cellular respiration per glucose molecule?
Between 30-38 ATP molecules.
Describe the overall equation for aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells.
Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (O2) -> Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) + ATP
What are the outputs of the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration?
Water (H2O) and a range of 26-34 ATP molecules.
What is the primary molecule used by cells for energy transfer?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
What process do germinating beans rely on for energy before they can photosynthesize?
They rely on cellular respiration using stored glucose.
What are the end products of glycolysis per glucose molecule?
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Describe the location and inputs/outputs of the Krebs cycle.
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Inputs: Acetyl CoA. Outputs: CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2.
Which enzyme synthesizes ATP during chemiosmosis and how?
ATP synthase synthesizes ATP by using the energy from the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Where does the electron transport chain occur and what is its main function?
It occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and its main function is to produce ATP by transferring electrons and creating a proton gradient.
Under what conditions do cells perform anaerobic respiration (fermentation), and how does its efficiency compare to aerobic respiration?
Cells perform anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not available, producing ATP less efficiently compared to aerobic respiration.
What happens to pyruvate during the intermediate step before the Krebs cycle?
Pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl CoA, releasing CO2 and producing NADH.
Where does glycolysis occur and does it require oxygen?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen (anaerobic).
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