Lecture Notes: Counseling Exam Preparation

Introduction

• Video revisits a successful 2002 cassette on exam preparation.
• Despite being over two decades old, most content remains relevant.
• Major change over time: multicultural counseling perspectives.
• Improved sound quality and rapid delivery of material.

Key Topics Covered

Human Growth and Development

• Nature vs. Nurture Debate: Genetics vs. environment.
• Psychoanalytic Theorists: Freud, Jung, Adler, Erickson.
  • Freud's five-stage model of development.
  • Id, Ego, Superego theory.
  • Life Instinct (Eros) vs. Death Instinct (Thanatos).
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Self-actualization.
• Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages: Sensorimotor to formal operations.
• Kohlberg's Moral Development: Pre-conventional to post-conventional.
• Other Theorists: Carol Gilligan, Daniel Levinson, Albert Bandura, Robert Havighurst.

Social and Cultural Foundations

• Definition and Types of Culture: Universal, National, Regional, Ecological.
• Terms Defined: Race, Racism, Ethnocentrism.
• Multicultural Counseling Approaches: Emic vs. Etic, Auto-plastic vs. Alloplastic.
• Para-language and Communication: Low vs. High context communication.
• Stereotyping and Cultural Theories: Anglo-conformity.

Counseling Relationships and Theories

• Psychoanalysis: Freud's catharsis and defense mechanisms.
• Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): ABC model.
• Transactional Analysis (TA): Parent, Adult, Child ego states.
• Person-Centered Therapy: Empathy, unconditional positive regard.
• Reality Therapy: Steps including present focus and action plans.
• Behavior Modification: Reinforcement and operant conditioning.
• Gestalt Therapy: Present moment awareness and integration.
• Family Counseling Approaches: Structural, Strategic, Intergenerational.

Group Counseling

• Yalom's Therapeutic Factors: Altruism, universality, catharsis, etc.
• Co-leadership in Groups: Benefits and drawbacks.
• Stages of Group Development: Initial, transition, working, termination.
• Leadership Styles: Autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire.

Career Counseling

• Trait-Factor Theory: Matching personal traits to occupations.
• Developmental Theories: Ginzberg, Super, Holland's Personality Types.
• Computer-Assisted Career Guidance: SIGI, Discover.
• Vocational Tools: DOT, OOH, "What Color is Your Parachute".

Appraisal

• Terminology: Raw scores, range, mean, median, mode.
• Standard Deviation and T-scores.
• Validity vs. Reliability: Key concepts in test evaluation.
• Aptitude vs. Achievement Tests.

Research and Evaluation

• Correlation vs. Causation: Understanding relationships.
• Types of Research: Experiments, control groups, null hypothesis.
• Statistical Tests: T-test, ANOVA, chi-square.

Professional Orientation and Ethics

• Scope of Practice: Stick to areas of training.
• Duty to Warn: Tarasoff case principle.
• Dual Relationships: Avoid conflicts of interest.
• Privilege Communication: Legal confidentiality.
• Ethical "Do Nots": Submissions, relationships, fees, etc.

Closing Remarks

• Encouragement to study in a relaxed setting.
• Check latest ethics guidelines online for updates.
• Good luck on the exam!