Transcript for:
Basics of the German Language for Beginners

hello dodge Lana if you're just starting to learn German this video is for you in this video I'll take you through all of the basics of the German language starting with pronunciation and working our way through until you can hold a basic conversation in German if you combine this video with some vocabulary practice you will be well on your way to mastering the basics of the German language at the a1 level if you would like to get even more out of this video you can get a copy of my new ebook which includes versions of the video scripts along with worksheets and answer keys to those worksheets for every lesson in this video by getting my ebook you will also gain access to a ton of previously unreleased materials including mp3 downloads of dialogues flashcards and more this ebook is now available on amazon.com which you can find linked below and on my website German with antrum com from my website you can also download individual materials for individual lessons or you can download all of the materials in one giant bundle if you want to skip to a particular lesson in this video there are timestamps in the description for each of the lessons so you can find exactly what you're looking for so without further ado let's get into the video welcome to today's video I'm Harry Antrim a high school German teacher in the United States and on this channel I teach all kinds of German related stuff including grammar and vocabulary lessons like this video as well as tips and tricks to help you get the most out of your German learning so if that sounds like something that you would like consider clicking that subscribe button so you never miss a video most German teachers start out by talking about how to say the German letters in the German alphabet let's be honest this is mostly useless how often does someone come up to you and ask you to spell something in your own language I don't even remember the last time that somebody asked me to spell something that wasn't my last name the chances of you needing the German alphabet before you learn how to say hallo are pretty slim so we're gonna skip over all of that alphabet nonsense for now and start with the pronunciation of vowels in German let's start with the letter A for every vowel in the German language there are two pronunciation options with the letter A we have ah and the sound of the same for both but the length of the sound is what's different see if you can catch the difference in the A's in the following words cut it zag and vasa cuffed the short a sound is just a burst of sound while the long a sound is a little bit longer most of the time this really won't matter much and you really can't tell the difference unless you are really paying attention there are occasions however when it matters a bit more for example com versus come in Masan versus in Masan if you haven't picked up on the pattern by now the short a sound is used when there are more than one consonant after the vowel the long a sound is used when there is only one consonant the long a sound also occurs at the end of German words when they aren't the stressed syllable for example sofa MOFA there's also the option of adding a CH behind the letter A in order to make it have the long sound no matter what is happening with the consonants for example yeah za son ha fauna you can also force the long a sound by putting two A's right next to each other ha ha Vega since we're on the topic of combining letters let's move on to diphthongs this is the fancy word for saying that two vowels are next to each other and are pronounced as one in the case of the letter A we have several of them ai sounds like the English letter I my high kaisou au is pronounced like somebody stepped on your toe how in fact the German spelling of this word is alwa which is pronounced alwah examples of this in words would include house Mouse kaolin oh and alf adding the umlaut those two little dots above the letter A makes it sound like you were trying to get somebody's attention in a British pub boy might examples include toys al Moyes a boy about the same is true if you put an e and au together EU makes the sound no I joy Fida this is because the a umlaut by itself is pronounced like the long pronunciation of the letter e examples of this include spat yeah liaison mansion dish effed it sounds exactly like the e in the following words vague baton Xion the same rules that you applied with the letter 8 now apply here that means one consonant is a long vowel sound and more than one consonant has a short vowel sound double the vowel to force the long vowel sound EE for example would be Z may beta you can also force the long e sound by adding H behind the e for example Xia Tian Jian of course the letter e also has a short sound as well which you might have noticed at the end of the two verbs in the previous examples on the non stressed syllable at the end of each of those verbs that is the short e sound the short vowel sounds in other words would include feta besa Essen the same sound that you get when combining a and I can also be created with the combination of E and I if you're an English speaker the two possible combinations of E and I are incredibly confusing because they're generally pronounced the exact opposite way as they are in English if the I a second say I if the e a second say e for example a I would be shaven did I and fine ie would include me Z and Pia of course the letter I can also be used without the combination of e and then it has two pronunciation options just like the other vowels the short I sound is it and the long I sound is more closely related to the English long e sound e the long sound is used whenever there is only one consonant after the vowel while the short sound is used when there are more than one consonant short sounds for example would be pizza Emma fish long vowel sounds would include EAGA yiddish tap mean the long o sound is just like it is in english but whenever we say it in english we generally have like the corners of your mouth go up a little bit as if it had a w behind it but in German the mouth stays in the same position from the beginning of the O to the end for example the long o would include opa was a won't oh oh don't forget you can also force this o sound by adding an extra o this gets confusing for some English speakers because we would pronounce two O's together as ooh in this case in the German it is oo pronounced as boat or soul if you add an H behind the o it has the same effect for example stole or fall or zola the short o sound is o as in post vallah or got the letter o can also be combined with an umlaut which is a bit more difficult to pronounce than the a with an umlaut start with the sound o and then bring your tongue to meet your teeth in the back of your mouth another way to think of this is combining the long o and the English sound e so you have all ye oh ye oh E for example Helen sure Nova the long you sound can be formed in the same way as the other long vowel sounds it has either a single consonant or an H behind it there aren't any German words with to use next to each other with the exception of the word of a Coulomb and I don't think that counts so if you need to make the long you sound you can't do it that way if you're looking for some examples that would include Stuart kuba and bool the CH at the end of that word is actually treated as if it were one consonant and therefore is sort of an exception to the rule of one consonant having the long sound the short U is used before multiple consonants for example wouldn't bunch what you on loud is pronounced in a similar way to the O with a loud start with the long you sound ooh then add an e to the end of it e or you can start with your mouth in the position for the long you and push your tongue to the edge of your teeth we-we-we it's actually more closely related to the sound of AI than it is to the you it ooba-dooba can glue in the odd case that the letter Y shows up in a German word you need to pronounce it like the UM lout so for example tempis gymnasium tip if it's at the beginning or the end of a word it will be pronounced like the English sounding why baby yak potty the letter B is mostly pronounced as it is in English at the beginning or the middle of the word it is pronounced but for example beginning baya gaben cabin when it is the last letter of the word or it is before the letter S it sounds more like a pea for example deep gab leaves Gibbs keep in mind that prefixes such as a B or AB sound more like the letter P because it's at the end of the prefix even though it isn't the end of the entire word up begin the letter C is almost always combined with something else if it is followed by a consonant or a vowel sound that comes from the back of your mouth it sounds like a K as it does in English Kaffee clown voiced this is the same sound used when the C is combined with a K this sounds exactly like it does in English botkin Fleck in Bach when the letter C is followed by a vowel sound that is made with the front of the mouth it takes on the sound similar to the TS sound or the german z CL coos see akka sent the letter d follows a similar pattern to the letter B by this I mean that it sounds exactly like the English pronunciation in the front of the word or in the middle for instance dal das viadon vida if it is placed at the end of a word it takes on the pronunciations more similar to the letter T told Vande shield there is absolutely nothing special about the letter F it is always pronounced the same as it is in English for example fish fanswers ich netha schiff if the letter G is at the beginning or the middle of a word it sounds exactly as it does in English this includes the combination of in M G for example got get in egg Bing in vague and bogan if the letter G is at the end of a word it sounds more like the letter K for example Tok theek fluke so Ike notice that the word fluke so Ike has two of these sounds because the first G is at the end of the first word in the compound fluke TOEIC the combination of I and G is very confusing to some German learners because there doesn't seem to be any consistency in the pronunciation it took me forever to figure it out if the letters I and G or at the end of a word or before a constant they make the sound like the pronunciation of a it is also acceptable to say it as ik but the soft variant is more common which is how I will say it in these examples Carnac AV kite vit C fence C it is also acceptable to say connect AV kite fitzek FinTech be careful with this rule though there are a few exceptions for instance Zig nod when IG is before a vowel it is pronounced as it would be in the middle of a word for instance heilige eagle the letter g' can also sound French when it's used in a word that has French origin this may be the most difficult category to identify as I personally don't know which words come from the French in fact some of the words that are on my example list I had no idea that were French until I started researching this video get a tasha Hodge ingenue you've already seen the letter H as it's used to elongate a vowel sound for instance yah Xion Guillen in those words the letter H is silent and only functions to change the vowel when H is pronounced it is pronounced the same as it is in English held gesundheit hiya J is almost always pronounced as yeah it sounds more like the English why than it does the letter J in English for instance yeah yes Yakka my own ASA the increasing number of imported English words have made it so that there are also more and more German words that are pronounced as English with German accents for instance job jeans Jeep French words that include the J are pronounced as the French would pronounce them which is slightly different from the English J sound the pronunciation of these J's are actually a combination of the two letters D and J for instance journalists jog all a K is a K no matter if it's in German or English if it's bind with other consonants if it's before a vowel if it's the end of a word the middle of a word or anywhere else it's always going to be pronounced for example Secunda conan klein thunk lekha L is pretty straightforward as well it sounds just like it does in English Luka Leegin hyland tile vid M sounds like M monde Chimel admin hime and always sounds the same as it does in English and this includes when it's combined with the G lung hanging vine v n'j Duncan P is straightforward as well because it's the same as an English post spitting in go Appa caput tip q is confusing because it sounds like K and V together or K and W in German it is also combined with the letter U every single time for instance vis pivot own book fame and now for those complicated one on the list the letter R other youtubers have dedicated entire videos to this letter I'm going to try and break it down a little bit shorter in this video there are two basic sounds that the arc can make and in the end they are both going to come from the back of your throat the one that sometimes gives the German a stereotype of being a rough language is the consonant R also known as the guttural R or the rolled R though it doesn't have to be a Hammerstein it could be a Tom Stein if you're trying to replicate the sound start by clearing your throat then elongate that sound then add a little bit of your voice behind that some people equate it to a softer version of gargling with some voice behind it you're really trying to get the base of your tongue in the back of your mouth to touch the back part of the roof of your mouth then make it vibrate a little bit and then add some behind it let's see some example words to see a more solid version of what I mean I'll pronounce these words twice instead of just a single time like I did with the other examples to show you that you can choose between harsh and not harsh Regan Regan hold hold her then oh and yeah yeah do you uh dear hose and hose the other are sound is the vocalic are it sounds more like a vowel than it does a consonant which is why it's called this take the sound that we had for the consonant R and move your tongue just far enough away from the roof of your mouth that it no longer makes that raspy sound it could also be described as the combination of E and a in German as this makes a very similar sound eeeh it is most commonly used at the end of a German word when it ends in ER it also shows up at the end of a word after a long vowel sound and in the middle of a word after a long vowel sound and before another consonant if that sounds complicated listen to the following examples and I'll show you which categories they fall into buda muta cheb esta they end with ER therefore we say ya taw Mia CAW BIA after a long vowel sound at the end of a word we say uh had fad this is in the middle of a word before a consonant the letter S has two options when it's used on its own buzzed or unbustable word or at the middle of a word on its own it is pronounced as a Z in English zingin Zitz in' at eysan liza if you double the s anywhere in a word or you use the S at the end of a word on its own it is pronounced like the hissing snake sound that you're used to in English glice glass flus missin this weird-looking dude is basically just two S's shove together it's called an S set it will always make the sound if you have a word that uses this sound in the middle of a word or at the end of the word it is likely that you need an S set officially it is used after a long vowel or a diphthong this ends up looking confusing when you see it as an infinitive of a verb but not in other forms of the same verb if you follow the rules I mentioned earlier you'll figure it out pretty quickly FUS fleece and strasse by usin let's take a look at the verb bison the present tense uses the S set for all of its forms that's because there is a diphthong before the S set a visa due biased ya by stay in the simple past tense all of the forms take a double s because it's preceded by a short vowel if this do busiest a Abyss see everything follows the rules back to the letters that are a lot easier to figure out the letter T is always a T it sounds like it's more fun when you add it to other letters and consonants and stuff but remember today's video is about consonants on their own in the next video I'll talk about how its combined with other things so for today's video T says for instance tock tired tagging Rotten Auto good hold V is a bit odd because sometimes it sounds the same as the English but sometimes it sounds like the letter F in English if the word is of German origin it is probably pronounced like unless it's at the end of a word in which case it is pronounced like vous if it is a foreign word it is probably pronounced vous so here are a few examples as used as a fear Fogell fork FATA file shin and now has a vasa clavia verb clave at university it W is easier because it is always pronounced as the English V sound vu nothing complicated about this letter at all other than it doesn't sound like the English W whoa it's vent vodka fare chef indan 4vets in random English words involving a w it's pronounced like the English W but that's because they're just English words being used by Germans while show if you combine the letters K and s you end up with the sound that you need for the German X there are pretty much no German words to start with an X hexa taxi flex you can tell I'm running out of words that use the letter X in German when I use the German word for an angle grinder the letter Z is like the TS sound at the end of the word hats it just takes a little bit of practice not to pronounce it like the English Z Simha vision sook seal sults nets plot slash the most discussed consonant combination in the German language has to be the CH combination it has two distinct sounds the first one is the easier of the two it's the soft CH sound or the front CH it's the same sound that you hear at the beginning of the name hue-hue there's a list of letters that you can memorize if you want to really figure out when to use this sound but honestly it just sounds right as opposed to the other sound the letters used before the sound are e a own loud I II III e eu am loud you and om lout you can also use it after a consonant easy version if the sound preceding the CH comes from the front of your mouth use the soft CH here are some examples betcha a fecha mistake he missed like light vision Grisha boy boy boy yeah boy ha ha ha ha ha zoycha Millie the other sound is from the back of the throat and is made after vowels that come from the back of the mouth this includes a o you and a u in order to make this sound start with the long o oh stop your vocal chords o slowly close the gap in the back of your throat until the friction from the air that passes through makes a bit of sound is that throat clearing sound that appears in comedic acts about the German language since the sound is often considered to be a harsh thing and makes the stereotype of the German language being harsh I'll give you a few pronunciation options so that you don't sound like you're working up a phlegm ball na na ha ha ha ha waha whoa ha ho whole coolin coolin spork schwa kal-el oh oh if you add an S to the end of the CH combination it sounds more like a KS instead Zechs zaxon vaccin Axl next up on my list is the CK combination it's the same as it is in English but it needs to be on the list because it is a consonant combination back in Quebec guqin Yakka lekha Schneck ax if you see GN in german pronounce both letters one after the other this is pretty rare but it is necessary that you know how to say it de nada Nome if you reverse G and n you get ng it acts pretty similarly to the ng combination in English lang zingin finga manga an maiden scrolling MK sounds similar to M G but obviously has a K sound at the end making it a more abrupt stop to the syllable thinkin thinkin denken Duncan ANCA uncle unlike an English when you see K and together you pronounce them both in German nee sniper nope it's not me Nyjah or not it's kini sniper nope if the letters P and F are next to each other it sounds like you're shooting the letter F out of your mouth with a burst of air fat fire fingsten fears a top-end cop the pH combination is the same in English as it is in German most of the time these are just English words with German pronunciation because these words are always a foreign origin Goff Gaza physique qu was mentioned in the last video as the letter Q is always followed up by you in case you forgot where you missed the last video it is pronounced like the English letters K and V together crotch book theme clock vis in order to make the sound in German there are a bunch of different options but the most direct approach is the letters SCH together this makes exactly the same sound as the SH combination in English Shaniqua Schnee slav fish check easiest style chest ocean you get the idea notice that when I added the letter T to the beginning of the word check Isha's the combination of TS CH sounds like the English CH sound in the words choice or chance here are some more examples collection Dodge lucha pie chia when s is combined with you the letter P or the letter T at the beginning of a word it has the same sound as s CH did followed by either P or T worked this takes a bit of getting used to spielen spa's sped peanut steamer tigon stuff stock Strasse when those letters are combined anywhere else in the word they are pronounced as they are in English and Vespa Costa beste dienst duyst asta Faust the English th sound does not exist in German this is the reason fuzzy German sometimes sounding like this Vin's eya speaking English if you see the th together in German it is pronounced as a T tiata T Olli a tick mata Abu tika today's video is going to use tongue twisters to help you focus on one or more sounds at a time after each one I'll explain the pronunciation a bit and repeat the tongue twister I encourage you to pause the video and attempt the tongue twister on your own I'll say each one a few times starting out slowly and then try to go faster and faster don't worry about trying to say these tongue twisters quickly the reason I chose them is so that you could focus on your pronunciation each tongue twister focuses on a particular sound or group of sounds by working with tongue twisters you'll be more likely to get normal sentences correct as well let's get started the long a versus the short a often it's an amazin awesome I'm abend Ananas in case you don't remember it from the previous videos the long a sound is made when there is only one consonant after the vowel but the short a sound is made when there is more than one consonant after the vowel the words oft and Auditor have the short a acht item Tom Eisen and Asin and um haben and uh non-us have the long a sound also it's fun to hear how the last words slide together I'm abandoning us ah I too AM isin asin um abend an honest Act eisah um isin hassan am abend an honest ah i-i'm isin asana movin on Ana's long e verses short e asel Essen nestle niched nessam Essen hazel mixed another practice of the long vowel versus the short vowel don't forget if there's only one consonant after the vowel the vowel sound is long if there are more than one consonant after the vowel used the short sound nasal s and Nestle Nate Nessa Nessa nasal meshed hazel S&S own nation s on as a nasal next the Z sound on st. and st. insane what sane so again st. Thomas Egan same Santana suka some soul the German Z sound sounds like the TS at the end of the word hats in English there are only two words in this entire tongue twister that don't start with Z which makes it a lot of fun to say in st. anon st. what scene so insane salmet Siegen same sentence o-katsu sole consonant R versus ER ending words ba-ba-ba-ba-ba-ba-ba out bonus pia this one isn't very difficult in terms of tongue twisters but it's a good way to help you pronounce the R sound when it's behind a consonant and also when a word ends with ER which is a completely different sound ba-ba-ba-ba-bom out piranhas BIA BIA bah-bah-ba-wa without Bahamas BIA u umlaut practice melanoma fleshed exclusive Isaac Onizuka Musa one of the most difficult sounds to get the hang of is the you um lout it's technically a combination of U and E but it more closely resembles the AI in English this tongue twister gives you plenty of chances to practice it milah lemma flesh - loosely visored clearness camisa mil Illuma glow stick schlissel Weiser Glennis camisa u umlaut vs. o are burstin mid hot and boston burst and boson de Salva a lot of English speakers have trouble pronouncing the you um lout when it's alternated with the O R sound as it is in this tongue twister it draws attention to the way that you need to move your mouth if you don't get your tongue out of the way you'll end up saying the wrong bowel Barristan Matata Boston Boston boson DeSalvo Berenstain Manhattan Boston Burstyn boson DeSalvo diphthongs viola stick alloy to laugh and laugh and laugh and Lustig alloy - Alf by dolphin in this one you get a few diphthong s-- as well as a few vowel sounds on their own it's in the transition between them that makes it difficult don't forget that AI is pronounced I and ie is pronounced e also a you is owl and EU is a viola stick a lighter laugh and Latin Larkin Lustig a lighter halt by mouthing by Lustig a lotta love in La Jolla holistic alloy de of Mel often back CH practice their cough wha Hulk milk in the knock knock no blow a sound that takes some practice to get is the back CH it's the one that follows the open vowels such as a or o and this tongue twister you get a ton of practice for exactly that just don't practice it too much because you might give yourself a sore throat dear cough I'll no Indian art knock low blow dear Quahog knock in the knock-knock no blow front CH practice H the dicta dished in life stylist just as the previous tongue-twister was great for practicing the back CH this one is great for the front CH sound ash des des des Destin leister by list Esther - the distant like to Pilate CH vs. CK dear doc deca DECT dime da dong dong team doc deca dad I'm da DECT a common mistake I see with my own students is pronouncing CH as CK this tongue twister alternates between the two flawlessly this makes it great for practicing the two sounds dear doc deca DECT dime dong dong dong team da da da da da DECT dear doc deca DECT ding dong dong dong team doc deca deadened are decked SCH practice Schneider's share her Schneider shafts shafts night at Schneider Sheila if this sounds like gibberish to you you're probably doing it right that many sounds in one sentence is a lot to handle just don't forget that SCH is pronounced like the English sh-shh Natasha shneider sha sha night at Schneider Shia Schneider Shia Schneider JA night at Schneider Shia the letter D daddy Khadijah take tinder Nandita you betaine dick and Rec this one isn't very difficult but it is good to remember that the German and English letter D are pronounced the same daddy Khadijah takes ting do nandita you burden dickin trek Dadich edita tricked into nandita you wouldn't a kinder egg the letter F Fisher's Flitz fished fish efficient this one isn't bad from a pronunciation standpoint because the letter F is the same in both languages it's only difficult because of the inclusion or exclusion of the are after the F Fisher's Flitz fished fish efficient fishes Flint's fished Felicia Fisher the letter J Eunice yeah mu liaison Jana when Julia Johannes Bevan the German J sound is the same as the English why which is why it's entertaining to say almost all of the words in this one with the letter J yes yeah mu Lee Essen Jana on Julia Johannes Bevan Yin is yang GUI as in Jana on Julia Johannes Bevan the letter K Kluger kleiner cats and cats in China cocoa dealer the K sound in German is the same as it is in English the only difficult part here is differentiating between K L and K are Kluger kleiner Katzen kotzen china cocoa dealer krueger clan cats and cats in china cocoa dealer the letter W ver will vie sauvage evasion while the vowel change from e - i - e i to a home laos to a is the difficult part what I want you to focus on here is the W sound that it sounds like the English or V it's this reason the Germans are often stereotyped is not being able to say the English W via Ville VISAA Vasia fashion Vavilov eyes evasive action the first greeting on my list for today is the easiest as it's basically the same as the English hello but Germans spell it with an A and due to the two L's we use the short a sound when we say hallo hallo it's used exactly the same as it is in English but is considered to be a little bit more informal than other greetings on our list for today this isn't what I would use when greeting my potential boss at a job interview in German but I might greet friends with hallo and it's even used at the beginning of this video to greet all of you hallo Deutsch Lana you can also greet more than one person without addressing them individually by saying hallo domme it's like hello together this makes it so that you don't necessarily have to go up to every person in the group and shake their hand and say hello hallo domme is again casual but used in groups hello on its own is casual enough but you can actually make it more casual by adding some flair to your hallo I personally find the following examples completely ridiculous but some people use them and usually they do this in an attempt to be humorous so I kept them on the list you can say hi ocean which is literally little hello because the suffix en is a diminutive which means that it indicates that something is small for example ina Bluma is a flower while I'm bloom Shin is a little flower ha Lucian is then a little hello you can even make it more ridiculous by saying Holly hallo hallo Shion Holly hallo halation but that's basically like saying how deLee doodlee which makes you sound like Ned Flanders from The Simpsons if that's the kind of personality that you want to portray maybe this is the greeting for you but suffice it to say that hi Lucien and all of its variations are very casual greetings and should only be used with people that you know well the standard three greetings in German follow a similar pattern to the English greetings in the morning you say guten morgen guten morgen in the middle of the day up until a little bit into the noon hours you would say guten tach guten tach in the evening you would say guten abend guten abend these are more formal than saying hallo but aren't considered stiff in any way I personally use these more often than any other greeting in German the times of the day are pretty flexible with guten tock as you can use this most of the day but you wouldn't say guten morgen in the evening or guten abend in the morning there isn't really like a specific hour of the day that constitutes time to use guten tach while it's pretty obvious that you can't really use guten morgen afternoon there isn't really a deadline for when you need to switch to guten abend in fact you can get away with never using guten abend and just say guten tach the entire day to everyone that you see it's that versatile if you're unsure which greeting to use just say guten Tok and you'll be safe if it's in the morning use guten morgen if it's in the evening use guten abend if you're at work and your colleagues are going to lunch you can greet them and passing with malla tight this basically translates as Meal Time this may sound like a weird way to greet people but it's just like saying enjoy your meal as someone leaves to go to lunch it's kind of a greeting for whenever people are leaving mod site isn't really used to start a conversation or to end one necessarily it's simply used in passing when you don't really intend to talk now let's get into some regional greetings if you haven't heard this yet Germany is full of many different dialects and variations of how German is spoken this leads to some fun ways to say hello but you need to know when to use them and where to use them so you don't use them in the wrong region mine is used in northern Germany the etymology of this word is disputed my money is on the theory that it's a derivative of the dialect version of morgen which then morphed into Moyne but there's also the theory that it came from the middle low german word for nice or bright or shiny which indicates that it could mean something like have a good one whatever the case the greeting mine is used in northern germany and is considered to be pretty casual sabes is commonly used to greet people in southern Germany and in Austria this one also doubles as a farewell so it's basically like the Bavarian version of Aloha it means both hello and goodbye sabes a casual greeting in southern Germany and in Austria would be critic both Greece dish and it's more formal counterpart through Scott share the same etymology they both stem from the phrase Greece dish got which means something like god bless you I generally translated as greet you for acoustic and greetings from God for Greece got while these translations are less accurate than the previous ones I just gave you it does help to convey the difference between the casual nature of Greece dish and the more formal nature of Cru Scott you'll often hear clear Scott when you walk into a store in Bavaria and you're greeted by an employee a third variation of this greeting is Greece Z which basically just switches the dish which is a form of the informal you in German to the formal version Z again I would translate this as read you but this time it's considered to be more formal than Greece dish and it doesn't include the direct reference to God although the original sentence is the same for all of these greetings guru Z is also used in southern Germany and in Austria if you travel to Switzerland you might hear yet on other variant of this greeting as greet see this is basically the same as it could easy as you can hear in the pronunciation but the Swiss dialect morphs this greeting just a bit more to make it great see I don't know why but the southern Germans have a lot of casual greetings next up on the list is ziege list which is literally be greeted it's considered casual as zai is the informal command form of the verb sign this greeting is also listed as an archaic one in some dictionaries so it's unlikely that you're ever going to encounter it but some people still use it so I thought I would include it zigu goosed you can also say glook Alf in southern Germany this one is listed as a bag monisha goose in my dictionary which means that it is a minor greeting this is thought to have originated as a way for the miners to wish each other good luck and that they hoped that the mine didn't collapse Alf means up which indicates that they were wishing luck for the other miners to go back up when the work was done Gluck Alf the last one on my list for today is the fantastic German word that Trixie from don't trust a rabbit made an entire video about because it means everything and nothing in German that word of course is na while there are a wide range of uses for this word which aren't readings when it is used as a greeting it roughly translates as well I think of it as yep as used in the intro to king of the hill when the guys are just standing around by the fence saying yep to one another not is kind of a prompt for more information it's a conversation starter it's a way of getting your friend to tell you about their day without having to actually go through the phrase of how are you or what's going on na is the perfect casual reading probably the most widely known farewell in German is alveta Xion if you translate it literally it means until again seeing or until we see each other again it's also considered to be pretty formal I personally almost never use Alfie tisane unless I want to say something fancier than usual you don't have to use the word Alf in front of it either you can simply say Vida zein al Vida zein or Vida zein al Vida zein if you're on the phone you won't say Alfie design because you aren't Xion seeing that person right now you're hearing them so you say Alfie DeHaven Alvida how and this means until we hear from each other again again you can leave off the Alf if you want to make it a bit shorter Vito have an Alf vada how and a similar farewell would be viz Ananse this is like the English see you it's more casual than Alfie tisane but the general meaning of seeing the other person again is still there vias a announced via Zayin owns my preferred farewell is kiss it's a much more casual everyday farewell and it's more likely what you're gonna hear when German friends say goodbye to each other this farewell evolved from the Latin adium which eventually became the French I do this then evolved into chu in some dialects in German but kiss in others due to some regions using the long vowel sound and others using the short vowel sound the spelling of this farewell varies it can be spelled with two S's one s or an S set I usually spell it with two S's but my pronunciation is based on my mood at the time and not the spelling I usually default to the short vowel sound kiss if I simply want to say goodbye but I'm not feeling overly enthusiastic about it and I use the long vowel sound cheese or cheese when I'm feeling a little bit more playful I personally never spell it with an S set as Duden only lists the single s and the SS version you'll still see the S set version however has not everyone agrees with the decision to leave that version out so it doesn't matter if you say kiss or cheese just remember that it's a casual farewell and shouldn't be the one that you choose when you're leaving a fancy dinner with some politicians if I'm feeling particularly playful sometimes I say kissy which is just a fun version of kiss while we're on the topic of valedictions based on other languages Germans also sometimes say ciao the recommended spelling from Duden is TS c h au ciao but many people still prefer the original Italian spelling so you will see both just remember to pronounce it as ciao despite the original Italian meaning being a and a farewell Germans only use ciao as a farewell in southern Germany and in Austria you can say Savvis this is another informal farewell and can also be used as a greeting Santos derives from the latin phrase Samos humilis which translates as I am a humble servant but it doesn't carry this connotation in modern German Sabbath's and modern usage is simply a way of saying hello or goodbye in a less formal way guten morgen guten tach and guten abend are all greetings but guten nacht is a farewell this is the same in English I say this every night to my daughter when I put her to bed guten nacht lino sloths goat guten nacht Goethe not lino sloth coot guten nacht kleiner sloth goat in my last video I mentioned the greeting mile tight as it's used whenever people are going to lunch at work you can also use this as a farewell in the exact same circumstances mod site mile site while you can't say guten tach as a farewell you can say Chernin tok null which roughly translates as have a nice rest of your day literally it's just a beautiful day still but you get the idea the greeting really only works if there's enough of the day left to merit saying rest of your day as you leave a store an employee might say Shonen tak no technically speaking you can use any greeting with the word not behind it and it would mean something similar guten morgen off would be have a nice morning guten abend noch would be have a nice evening those versions however are not common and you might get a weird look if you say them stay on the safe side and just stick to Chernin tock no Chernin tock know if someone is going on a trip you can say goethe fat goethe thought this is like wishing them a good trip this farewell only works if they're driving however if they're travelling by any other means or you don't know how they're travelling is probably safer to say goethe Aiza the meaning of these two are basically the same but goethe includes the word thought which is used when driving as opposed to any other kind of trip Goethe Aiza is a more general farewell goethe thiser goethe thought there are several ways to say take care in german the first one on my list is max goat this literally translates as do it well you can respond to this farewell with duo which is like you too or if you're feeling more playful you can play off of the literal translation of this farewell and say max besa which is like do it better max good max besa do au max good max besa to ow a more literal translation of the farewell take care would be pass alpha D alpha pass off big owl pass off the shelf the verb Alf passin means to watch out or pay attention the literal translation of pass alf dish alf would be watch out for yourself or pay attention to yourself I think this gets the general idea of the English farewell take care pass Alf dick Alf pass Alf - Alf the last version of take care on my list is lave void lave boil this is like a final goodbye it's like saying have a nice life late volley is like the word farewell in English as I suggest finality if you want to be more rude you can also play on the classic alveta Zayin and say Alf NEMA Vida zein al nimma Vida zein it's like until we never see each other again while late volley is a bit sad that you won't get to see them again Alf nimah Vida zein sounds like you're looking forward to the fact that you won't see them again label label ovni Movida Xion elf nimma Vida zein if you want to say good luck in German as a farewell you have two options field look is the more common one and literally means much luck but you can also say feel f5 which is like wishing someone much success field look is much more Universal but feel f-fuck can only be used before something that would require success you can also say whew look if you kidnap Liam Neeson's daughter and you don't think that he actually has that particular set of skills that make him a nightmare for people like you field look field look feel Gluck feel air fog fear air fog feel air fog speaking of wishing people well you can also say Alice scooter Alice scooter which is used for wishing people happy birthday and other special occasions but can also be used to say farewell Alice Goethe literally translates to all the best Alice Goethe Alice Goethe the most versatile farewell on my list for today is any combination with the word piss in it this means until this is used for see you in English you can simply add when you will see that person again at the end and now you have your farewell the options are endless this done this done see you then beta beta cell ater this Najia miss na heya see you afterwards miss Morgan miss Morgan miss Eva Magan this uber Magan this sane or this sane or this white Arvind miss whiter Arvind this heightened an attack this heightened an attack and the one that I use at the end of every single video this some next and mile until next time missed some next mile you may have noticed in the last two videos that I mentioned the difference between formal and informal greetings and farewells this concept isn't just limited to these it also shows up in the second person pronouns second person just means you in English or it's the person or group of persons that you're talking to and not about it doesn't matter to whom you're speaking exactly in English you is always you in German however there are three basic forms of you the one that you need to know first is Z Z this is the formal version it can be used in the singular form addressing one person or in the plural form addressing more than one person while I call this the formal version it isn't necessarily overly formal what I mean by this is you don't have to use Z just because somebody is wearing a suit and tie it's actually much more simple than that for the most part this form is used with people that you don't know but more specifically it's used with people that you don't know well for instance you would definitely use Z with the police officer who just pulled you over but what about the cashier at the local grocery store you go there two maybe three times a week and you see this person every single time you know them sort of but you'll still address them with Z in German this is the same form for your doctor a cashier a waiter or waitress a public servant or even just some stranger you found on the street here are a few examples of when you would use Z you're asking your teacher a question after class in shrilled agin z Kernan Z Mia - and schuldig in Z Kernan Z Mia - you're asking for directions on the street Kernan zinnias again voda Hauptbahnhof east conan z Mia's Argan vota Hauptbahnhof East currency Mia's Adam for the Hauptbahnhof fist you're at the checkout counter at Aldi and the cashier ask you something Calkins a hyena in cows Tasha brow Hansie Heitor eine ein calfs Tasha brow NZ Heitor eine ein coughs Tasha your waiter comes up to your table to get your order bring in Z meeting Linda Bratton bitter pregnancy Mia day Melinda Bratton bitter bring in Zamir Dana Linda Bratton bitter since you're likely just visiting Germany most of the people that you meet should be addressed with Z this is because you aren't familiar enough with any of those people to use the other forms this form is also easy for beginners to conjugate that means that your subject and your verb match the present tense verb is almost always the same as the infinitive the version that you'll see in a dictionary it might be easier to understand when to use Z if you understand when to use do and iya both of these versions of you are informal this means that they're used with family members and friends of yours it also is used with pets children up to about the age of 15 students fellow blue-collar workers and members of certain clubs the rule of thumb that I use for this is do I address this person as mr. or mrs. whoever they are or do I use their first name in short if you're in doubt use Z if I use their first name I probably use do with them but this isn't always the case most waiters and waitresses will introduce themselves with their first name but you'll use Z with them while Z can be used to address one or more people do can only be used to address one person at a time if you're saying you all y'all or you guys you use eeeh here are a few examples if you're talking to your brother or your sister you say vas max to height uh vas maxed two whitea vas max - hi - if you're talking to your brother and your sister you would say vas marked eeeh height uh vast machia height uh vas mocked eeeh Heitor if you're talking to your dog you would say du bist I'm Bravo hunt du bist ein bhava hunt du bist ein Brava hunt if you're talking to your cat's ear to F niche of the sofa here - EFT next after sofa eeeh - after next of the sofa if you're talking to your neighbors four-year-old boy has to I'm noise fathered hast du ein neues Fahad has to I'm Noah's father the child responds to you with a Hubbard eases father at site my husband Z as knocknasheega Xion a Hubbard eases father at site my Harvin's es noch nicht cos e'en a harbour DZ's farhat site my harbin z s no make gazillion if you're talking to your neighbors children you would say hopped eeeh einen hunt su house' hop dear einen hunt su house' hopped here einen hunt su house' the children answer with ya Valen z in heaven yeah Valen Z in TEFL yeah Valen Z in toughen the only time that you have this uneven do and Z conversation is when an adult is speaking with a child the child uses the z form with the adult and the adult uses the do form when speaking to the child in any other situation the form of address will be the same for both speakers if you haven't picked up on the pattern yet when you use Z as the subject of your sentence the verb ends with E n eeeh requires a T and do requires s T getting the subject and verb to match or agree is called conjugation let me show you a few examples side by side with each of the forms so that you can see this more clearly guests do not house' gate eeeh 'no house' Gaon's inna house' guest to na house' gate year na house' gay and z na house' scoffs to online vas calved year online vas Calvin Z online vas coughs to online vas calved year online vas Calvin Z online du kannst magnate ear can't magnate Z can imagine eight du kannst May next year Kent may made z cannon may make okay now you've got a bit of an idea of when to use each of these pronouns but what happens when you or the other person wants to transition from Z to do has a non-native speaker I would recommend waiting for the German to offer the due form rather than you offering in the opposite direction it's best to remain in the Z form offering the due form to someone is always done from the older person or the person of higher rank and not the other way around this rule of thumb will help you to avoid the awkward danke avec uddiyana by MZ bleiben danke hava if you de IANA bime's e bleiben danke Abba ich verdict jana mymzy bleiben in order to offer the due form to someone germans use a variety of different phrases the most common ones would include these Z Kernan Keanu due to Mia's agon Z Kernan Keanu to soo Miah saggin Z Canon Guiana to suniye Zygon Zika and me who is Doutzen Z Kernan may who a dudeson Zika and measure a dudeson via Zygon to hear via noggin to here via Zygon to hear Valen via own snake Doutzen Valen via UN's next Doutzen Valen via own snake Doutzen you'll notice that even when offering the do form to someone Germans will remain with the Z form as the person being offered the do form hasn't accepted yet it's also common to avoid using do or Z when offering the do form as was shown in the last example today I'm going to teach you what to do if you don't speak enough German to survive a conversation with the German having me stand at this podium all the time is a bit dull so let's switch things up and go meet some people on the street and see how we can navigate a conversation with very little knowledge of the German language scene 1 in truth agency currently mia - mines own esteem accountant house but they shall America located feeling boosted by its bit to zero at first client get currency at first gate every freaking age first a honest its pressure kind dodge my zone is dim Konkan house is our gate harbins eagle has taught me a light expression or ein bisschen Deutsch a Kansan is first in scene to ensure the gong sprechen sie englisch yes I speak a little English oh thank goodness could you tell me how to get to Sesame Street I'm sorry I'm just visiting I don't know either scene 3 money down here and I believe it attracts you couldn't hear me - ich bitte the not sincere enable strassens along a via these atrocities Phaeton he first a an aged currency does beat a Hollen Conan Zi Long's Amish Brian Z - orphan here Nate Jewish Zima Cindy fair home home Guillen Kernan Z das in English are you Bizet s'en go around as you can see there are several phrases that you can use to get the point across that you don't know what someone else is saying and you need a bit of help let's go back through the list and break it down for you I'll show you some of the alternative versions of these sentences as well if you simply want to switch to English so you can ask the question that you need or you can make sure that you understand everything you can say sprechen zie English sprechen zie 'english sprechen zie English if you want to ask them directly to speak English you can say command Z MIT Mia English pression Kernan z MIT Mia English sprechen Kernan z met Mia English pression or Kernan via English pression Kernan via English sprechen Kernan via English pression you could also say Conan Zetas ubers etson Kernan Z das ubers etson Kernan z das Eva's etson if you want to specifically ask them to translate to English you could say Kernan z das in 'english uba's etson Kernan Z das in english' Eva's etson Kernan zetas in English Eva's etson if you simply want to explain that you don't understand what they said you can say a fair stayin aged is fair stea Nate H Vashti an aged if you want to go into a bit more detail about why you don't understand you could say a pressure Noah I'm busy on Dodge a pleasure nor I'm busy on Dodge H pressure Noah I'm busy and Dodge alternatively you could say a pleasure Noah I'm vain a storage a pleasure Noah I'm Vinick dodge a special WA I'm venoth dodge or expression wa i'm poverty' dodge a pleasure nor I'm pav Virata dodge expression or I'm parvata dodge another version would be mine Dodge is Nate say a gold mine Dodge is Nate they're gold mine dodge a snitch they're good if you really speak no German or you aren't confident in your German skills you could say expression kind dodge e esha time dodge each player can dodge or it can come to expression e can kind dodge Spurgeon it can kind of legend if you kind of understood what they said but you want to make sure you could ask them to repeat what they just said by saying Kernan zetas Vida Hollen Kernan Z das veda Hollen Kernan zetas Vida Hollen if the speed of the conversation is the issue you could say Kernan zetas Lanza movido Hollen Kernan Z das lungs AMA veto Hollen Kernan zetas Lanza movido Hollen or Kernan zi Long's Amash Brian Kernan zi Long's ama sprechen there's also the command version of this request sprechen zie Peter lang Zama sprechen zie bitte langsamer sprechen zie Peter lang Zama you could of course be more direct and just say lands on bitter lungs on bitter langsam bitter don't forget to need to use Z in these phrases as I mentioned in my last video you don't know these people well enough to use the familiar forms now you know how to navigate a German conversation without really knowing all that much German just a few quick phrases can get you out of a sticky situation if you're enjoying this video so far don't forget to give it a like and leave a comment down below letting me know what you found most helpful we're gonna start off with the pronunciation of the German alphabet first one of course is ah ah this is what you say to your doctor when he tells you to open wide ah next up BAE BAE this is like the incredibly dumb English slang word BAE but instead of ending with the Y sound where your mouth kind of goes up at the end you keep your mouth straight as it was at the beginning of the sound BAE BAE say say like say but again without that Y sound at the end of it again it's a TS sound at the beginning and then say say say day day day like day but again you guessed it no Y sound at the end day day ay ay like the previous three letters but this time without the consonant in front a a F F it's literally the exact same as the English letter F F gay gay this is where it becomes slightly more important that you don't pronounce the letter Y at the end of the letter gay gay ha ha this is the sound that some of you made when I said the last letter ha ha e e it sounds like the English long e sound this also explains why the German long I sound is more like the English long e sound the letter is e e yacht yacht like the word yacht in English but instead of pronouncing it like a short a in the middle you say it like a German short Oh yacht yacht ha ha like a person from Boston trying to say car ha ha L exactly like it is in English l l M M exactly like it is in English N and exactly like it is in English Oh Oh in English we have a tendency to put it sound like a w at the end but in German is just a straight Oh sound it's Oh Oh not oh where your mouth kind of curls up at the end but just Oh pay pay like pay but again without that Y sound at the end pay pay coo coo this is also the german word for a cow think of the word cool and then chop off the letter L at the end coo coo yeah yeah think about the place where you wave your hand sometimes and sing a oh you know I wave my hands up and as sometimes yeah something like that except yeah yeah slightly different you do barely pronounce the are on there you could if you really want to add a little bit of that consonant R that I taught you in the second video in this series yeah s s this is exactly the sound as it is in English s s set s set it's like a combination of the letters s and Z which is why it's called an S set it's pronounced like this sharp s which is that sound and is used to indicate that the vowel in front of it is a long vowel sound s set s set Tay Tay like a nickname for someone named Taylor Tay Tay but again without that Y sound at the end Tay Tay Tay Tay oh oh like you're standing in amazement of something ooh but don't drag it out that long ooh ooh foul foul as I mentioned in the consonant pronunciation video the letter V in German is almost always pronounced as an F sound this is the reason for the letter being named foul think of it as the word foul but again lose that L at the end and you just end up with foul foul V V like the expression L V but again don't have that Y sound at the end v v X X how many licks does it take to get to the tootsie roll center of a Tootsie Pop the X sound at the end of the word licks is exactly what you're looking for for this letter X is in fact just KS X X epsilon Epsilon when I mess up I usually say oops but if you modify the vowel sound in that and make it sound more like the um loud you end up with oops oops if I ever open a hair salon in Germany I'm going to name it why because it's a salon that makes a lot of mistakes because I can't cut hair so it would be the epsilon epsilon epsilon set set start with the word that then make it into a contraction that's then add it to complete your sentence and say that's it that's it now change the I in it to a german esau at that's it now remove the th a from that and you end up with and now you have set set that's at that set set set in german a per and you are referred to as the umlaut er you can say these letters as our mid umlaut all mid umlaut and omit on loud but officially they are air a and E you should only use the mid on loud options if you're trying to clarify what you said because someone misunderstood you and bait a day afk ha yotaka una ba l m n o p qu est au v x epsilon said das is net happy today afk ha Yatta von de l m n o p qu est who foul v x epsilon said toss is net bt d e f g ha he ha moon [Music] l m n o P kueste Oh howdy Hicks epsilon said das is Ned and now for a fun little skit perhaps they feel common by MasterCard it's been Fred Dolph is not he is endowment Raja is hi sir Levi Antrim people to be at Manda's L a foul II wouldn't even a phenomena and teh air em4 here common V this coma house Edwardsville people to be at Amanda's a day v ah yeah day s foul ii l l a invasion land offended the Edwardsville Edwardsville the in illinois in the in Sihanouk's in stand for america people to be at man das ii l l am o es9 - I make - staphon america z vicinage women say I nicked a certain phone America books - beard good now that's a baggage okay foul ay ay ay e n e gate a a s teh teh a n foul Oh N ah M ay air e car ah da fascist of helen-alice spooks to be Irvin mine Herron has this real common some films ain't in year listen books the burette purveyor quite a fun environment Leon on the attained year younger of Potsdam Leon is too polite yeah okay dine s this boat loaded ZBrush - save - - okay ZBrush - set a Bay air r s t air a e F a and save washed - good Kamala die next is what loaded he mazes he neighs - he mazes SE ha e em a s.e.a.l.s SE ha he mais ich noch einmal - - next is what yogurt yogurt yogurt yacht all-gay ha ooh air tail yogurt what does let's devote for Heitor event flash at the CATIA homes give of our homes of garden uber turbines Gazette's limbed flash etiquette ear homes eve of our homes afghan EBIT are gongs gazettes and flash etiquette ear homes evolve our homes of cabin fever tongs Gazette's pay KU x epsilon Lyra estas bulge fly Club span next mal vas mark Tia EF fields basketball vas max Z Z fields foosball vas machia agita house' vast marzi z gate in skeino the smart iya iya bringt ina pizza vas mock Z zebra in Tainan hamburger vas mafia he obliged to house' the smart Z Z piped in there Shula vas mock Tia he averted of dimples vas marzi Ziva that often Zhuge vas machia here Zoot knock silence little vas mark Z Z Zoot nacho colada vas Martir a offended Zenon schlissel vas Mugsy Z findit show colada vas marked iya iya abated as Lyra the smart z zr bited as a he Tecton vast marzi zealand fear in quiz vas machia allowed Fiorina perform vas marked air air becomes an ice vast mozzie Z becomed einen prize the smart air air leaked of team sofa vas mozzie zeal eat of dim Boden vast Maxie Z late imply shift of team stool vast market air air late does pop here often Tisch the smart air is east of team's esle vas Maxie Z's it's often Hawker vas macchia ears STI Papa ending hochschule the smart Z Z Z Z of the sofa vas mafia air state India Korea vez mas Z Z state in von Zimmer the smart Z Z stage does class of Dean Tisch the smart air ash Delta Tasha of Dean Tisch vas mark Tia airtight one sign photo vas Matt Z Z psyched of urahara vast market air air danc'd Eva Essen the smart Z Z tanked Eva politique vast Mart air - plate to fill vas Matt Z Z preached Nate the smart air air and said Anika Schechter the smack z ZL tailed immersion vast Martir elated Mitzie selves vas Maxie Z they'd admit findin fast macchia ash right island brief the smart Z Z Skyped ina email bus marked air air earth net detour the smarty the earth nerd does Fenster the smart air ash least tto vast moxie zishe least das fenster the full list of German subject pronouns looks like this a means I do is you singular familiar or informal ya means he or the masculine it Z means she or the feminine it s is it and is neuter via means we aya is you but this time plural and familiar or informal Z means they and the last Z means you which is singular or plural and it's in familiar or formal don't get confused about the fact that I labeled Z as singular or plural it isn't ambiguous it's not like it could be either/or and you don't know which one it is what I mean by this is that this pronoun can be used to address one person having Z kinnda hey Maya do you have children mr. Mayer or to address more than one person haaziq in daheia and FAL Maya do you have children mr. and mrs. Mayer he is the first proton on most pronoun charts and lists it simply means I in English and is used exactly like you would expect it to be it is one of two first-person pronouns I briefly mentioned the idea of first person's second person and third person in my video about do aya and Z in case you're forgotten the first person is used when the speaker is the subject in German there are two of these pronouns ich is what we call the first person singular it means I via is the first person plural via is the German version of we it's used exactly as it is in English if you and another person or more or referred to with a single pronoun you use via mind buddhih on dates my brother and i via these amanda will take that guy over there and i via you get the idea there are three second person pronouns in german all of these translate as you in english do and iya are used with people with whom you are familiar this includes family members and friends but also children even if they're not your own and pets or just animals in general do is used to address one person and iya is used to address more than one person z is used with people that you don't know well or people of authority this one again could be singular if you're addressing one person or plural if you're addressing multiple there are three third-person singular pronouns in German we have the same thing in English but they're used slightly differently in German we have a Z and s but in English we have he she and it this sounds simple enough on the surface if you're talking about a masculine person or animal you use a ax P damn on the man yeah he when you're talking about a feminine person or animal you use Z she deef how the woman Z she if you're talking about a thing that doesn't have an intrinsic gender you use s das fenster the window s it the problem when you use the pronouns aya and Z is that they don't always mean he and she any noun in German that takes the masculine article diya will use the subject pronoun a ax and any noun that uses the feminine article D will use Z if the noun uses the neuter article das the pronoun will be s since I haven't mentioned this concept in any other videos yet now is a good time to explain the concept of noun genders every noun in German is assigned a grammatical gender this gender is sometimes assigned based on the intrinsic gender of the person or animal to which it refers as the examples I showed you earlier did however it becomes much more random when we start talking about nonliving objects for instance DFO is a spoon and is masculine while deagle is a fork and is feminine and das Meza is a knife and is neuter what's even more confusing to beginners is the noun machen in german translates as girl in english which clearly has an intrinsic gender associated with it but the nouns gender is neuter das mädchen the German word for a manikin is mention and despite having the word man in it which means man this noun is neuter das mention while on the surface these nouns being neuter seems random it's actually because of the suffix en which forces the noun to take the neuter gender there are other rules and patterns that are helpful when identifying the gender of a German noun but as a beginner this will likely seem random I have a few videos with tips on figuring this out which go into a lot more depth than I can in this video you can find those linked into the description for now stick to memorizing the gender of each noun as you learn it so you don't mix this up trust me it will be a lot better off if you learn the genders of each now now so you can prevent a myriad of other issues you could cause by not knowing them for now stick to knowing that if the noun you're replacing uses the article dia use a ax as the pronoun for nouns using the article D use Z and for nouns using the article das use s there is also the pronoun Mon which usually isn't included on lists and charts like this one but it is incredibly helpful to know this pronoun can be translated in several ways in English it can mean they won or the ambiguous you this pronoun can be used in sentences like this one one does not simply walk into Mordor or you can't have your cake and eat it too or basically any sentence that starts with they say the pronoun Mon acts like a 'or Z but without the need to pay attention to biological gender you can also address people with de or D instead of using a o or Z if you use the article D or D instead of using their respective pronouns a and Z you are expressing a distance between you and the person to whom you are referring with that word for example da so Sasha Z is mine of findin this is Sasha she is my girlfriend vs. da so Sasha de contas Punk foot this is Sasha this person comes from Frankfurt the only other pronoun on the list that I haven't talked about today is the third-person plural this is basically a plural version of a as Z and s or in English we would just say Vey if you aren't talking directly to a group of people or things but instead are talking about them you use the pronoun Z in German now I know what you're thinking there are three Z's on this chart I get it that can get really confusing but there are ways to tell them apart most of the time conjugation is one of those ways which is what I'll get to in the next grammar lesson the pronoun that is now used as the formal you in German is actually derived from the third-person plural Z which is they in English this comes from the idea that if you were to show someone respect back in the olden days you shouldn't address them directly at all which means that Z is less a formal version of you then a capitalized version of they this also explains the reason why z and z are always the same on these charts and they always take the same form of the verb conjugation is the process of changing the verb to match the subject of the sentence since you're watching this video I'm going to assume that you speak English well enough to understand how this works in English there are usually only two forms of a verb in English for example I go you go he goes we go they go your options are either go or goes if you mix them up people will look at you kind of funny I goes to the store you sound like Ralph from The Simpsons in the German version there are a lot more options let's start with the verbs again to see what I mean zag 'n to say a saga do zags a socked z z-- act s zac via saggin eeeh socked zzzz Agins e saggin we start with the verb infinitive which is a fancy way of saying the version that you find in the dictionary remove the en at the end the form without the en is called the verb stem then add the endings e st t en t + en usually when I make a conjugation chart they look like this and I read them like this a saga do zags a Z s Zak via saggin eeeh Zak Z's a ghen Z's again I'd like to show you a few more examples but conjugation charts are boring and don't teach you much vocabulary so instead I'll show you example sentences with some of the most commonly used verbs in the German language for the third-person singular as e and s I'll just show you one of those three pronouns in an example sentence I'll do the same thing for they Z and u z muffin to do or make a maka does bet I make the bed or I am making the bed do max make luckless you make me happy or you are making me happy err mocked ein anoxia he is making a retraction or he makes a retraction via maken musique we are making music or we make music a mocked einen guten job you are doing a good job or you do a good job Zee maken an anger boat they are making an offer or they make an offer common to come if Comic Life Vida I am coming right back comes to MIT in skeino are you coming to the movies Zee comped 'no house' she is coming home via common sutiya we are coming to you CompTIA zoom AB and Essen are you coming to dinner waha common Z where do you come from or where are you from of course you don't have to use pronouns in order to use that form of the verb pronouns replace nouns so logically you should be able to use a noun instead of a pronoun you can't really do this with a as using your own name would mean that you change to the third person singular form either a or Z he or she also it makes you sound like a weirdo to speak in the third person it's either that or your Elmo Elmo wants to play a game Elmo likes games you can't get around using the pronoun do either as you actually have to say you anyway here are some examples of a verb without as many pronouns Gihon to go H gaya inspect I am going to bed guests do in the schule are you going to school das mädchen gate snitched Anne's telephone the girl is not going to the telephone you could also say s gates Newton's telephone mine Buddha and a Guillen in dim Park my brother and I are going to the park you could also say with again in dame park do-won stein bora yet yet so Shula you and your brother are now going to school iya gate yes so Shula the Aman ensign afoul Guillen so bibliothèque the man and his wife are going to the library you could also say zjn so Biblio take certain verbs don't take the st for the due form instead they simply take T the last letter of the stem of these verbs are one of the following s s set X or Z the reason is that you simply wouldn't actually hear the s sound at the st ending so we just leave it out of the conjugation the rest of the verb forms are normal I'll give you an example of each daizen to travel a Heisig anecdote land I like to travel to Germany it heist do not bellum are you traveling to Berlin diamond heist nicht the man is not travelling - Amelia and a guys enjoy I hope ah my family and I are travelling through Europe Bohan heist eeeh - where are you travelling de ken de Kaizen Mathilde and Elton the children are travelling with their parents heissen to be called a Kaiser Levi I am called Levi V heist - how are you called what is your name Zee heist Sandra she is called Sandra via heissen Jim would Bob we are called Jim and Bob the heist eeeh how are you called V Hyson Zee how are you called what is your name relaxin to relax equal AXA in meinem house I am relaxing in my house varam relaxed to niched why don't you relax err relaxed in park he is relaxing in the park v relax ensues Amin we relaxed together relaxed ye oft do you often relax d studenten relaxin in dementia the students are relaxing in the dining hall Jetson to set put or place a he sets a mission I am setting myself down varoom zetz to dich nicht of the sofa why don't you set yourself down on the sofa deer hunt tzatziki in Decorah in the dog sets himself down in the kitchen via Jetson DQ Schulte aha Alton Tisch we are setting the stuffed animals on the table vas zetia Alton Bowden what are you setting on the floor Jetsons easy Hin are you setting yourself down if the last letter of the verb stem is D or T you need to add e between the stem the part of the verb before the en and the conjugation ending for do a Z s and eeeh because otherwise the word would be practically impossible to pronounce the additional e makes the word easier to pronounce here are some examples of this finden to find offended exes I think you're cute Findus do D CATSA are you finding the cat or have you found the cat if you're trying to say this sentence without the additional a between the stem and the ending you would end up with Finn's it's a struggle to get this word out like this so we add the e Findus de ella then findit ding fela the teacher finds the mistake via finden einfach i nevah known we simply aren't finding an apartment meaning you're having trouble finding one findit 'i'm a huge do you find me handsome please don't actually answer this question in the comments deep Aviva finding jobs the applicants find jobs Hobbiton to work it Evita as Lyra I am working as a teacher though of itest do white suit Agha where do you work nowadays mine Amata abided in ina anvil scans lie my mother works in a law firm mine cumple on desh a baton I'm Otto my buddy and I are working on the car abided ian-sue Zaman are you working together d fappa a baton einen plan else the criminals are working out a plan adding an e is also necessary when the verb stem ends with two consonants that make different sounds this isn't very common but it is important to know Atman to breathe a Atma teeth ein I breathe in deeply do atmost else you breathe out they are Appa Atmos neat maiya the victim is not breathing anymore via Atman disable ooft we are breathing the same air iya admits our stove you breathe oxygen deficient at men in Vasa the fish breathe in the water to be clear this rule does not apply when you have two of the same consonants together as we saw in the verb common or if you have two consonants that flow together this includes the verb fall again which has two consonants L and G which are next to each other but because they flow together when you say them you don't need to separate the stem and the verb ending with the extra e foggin to follow H Vulgate dynam Shatan i am following your shadow fairfax duty NOS a stone do you follow the news in the sentence I added the prefix fair but the verb conjugation is the same Deus clava themes Clavin visits a' the slave follows the slave owner via Fagin one 7:02 we are following our mother v DM Y of Twitter do you follow me on Twitter following in Z Trixie of Instagram do you follow Trixie on Instagram some verbs don't end in en but instead end in just an end this happens you simply remove the N in order to find your stem when you get to the form of the verb that takes an E and usually you simply add n instead honden to deal or trade a handle a toss a handler does I am dealing with that I will deal with that here you have the option of removing the e before the L to make it flow nicer it's not necessary however it is perfectly acceptable to keep that extra e in there you also might hear a handle which is technically not correct just know that some native speakers might say it that way V handles - dude us how are you dealing with that s handled fawn i Numidian it deals with a girl viajando me Dow Jones aksheehan we trade with Dow Jones Industrial Average stock handled eeeh and a New Yorker browser do you trade on the New York Stock Exchange deeper Asin Hendler handle Nick newer and a New Yorker browser so and an owl and an Nasdaq the stock brokers trade not only on the New York Stock Exchange but also on the Nasdaq let's start with the most basic of basic questions v hisen z v Hyson z what is your name or more literally how are you called this is obviously the formal version of this question you could also ask the heist do the heist duel if the person you are addressing is a young person or the conversation is taking place online where most people correspond using the do version of you you can also use v heist eeeh v heist eeeh v heist eeeh if you are addressing more than one person in order to answer this question you would say ich heisse ax a hiya and then your name if you're answering for yourself and another person you could say via heissen and then both of your names but it's much more common to introduce yourself as a high C and then your name followed by dust and then the other person's name for example the heist do a Kaiser Levi v heist iya ich heiße Aleve I owned das is Sofia you can also answer this question using a form of the verb sign which I'll talk about in more detail in a few weeks the form that you need with ich is bin ich bin so your answer would be a bin and then your name if you're answering for more than one person you again could say vias int and then both of your names but again it's more common to split the answer into ich bin I am and then your own name followed by das is and the other person's name for example the heist do H Ben Levi V heist iya H Ben Levi and das is Sophia while most people will use one of the two versions of the question of V hi Stu that I've already shown you it's grammatically correct to say V is dynamic which is a more literal translation of what is your name V hist dynamic this uses the verb sign to but this time with the third person singular as the S form of the verb which is East because my nama is the subject of the sentence and not a technically speaking V also acts as the subject of this sentence because the special nature of zine which I'll talk about in more depth in a few weeks since this version includes a possessive article you need to be able to change the sentence again based on your audience V is dynamic B is dynamic as the do version V ISTE Annamma v st Annamma is the z version and V's in Toyota Naaman V's in Toyota Naaman is the ear version keep in mind that the last one is the plural form because it addresses iya this is why the verb changes to isn't the possessive article ads in E playa and the word nama becomes Naaman the two versions that you need to know to answer this question are my nama issed my name is and Ian AMA issed her name is or Xena missed his name is my nama is e'en ama is Xena missed for example V is dynamic my nama is leave I visit oilton Amon my name is Levi when Ian Amma is Sofia or Z nama is fed while it is possible to ask the question via bist du or vias idea or even vias into Z literally who are you I don't recommend this option it is very rude also you might not get the answer that you desired it comes off as if you are saying who do you think you are or what are you doing here in short stick to V Hyson Z or VST Annamma don't forget until you get to know some people you should be using the Z form with most people if you're going to be using the do form with somebody you probably don't need to ask for their name the second question you need to be able to answer is V gate s Enon V gate s Enon how are you this is the formal version for the do version you would say V gate s dia V gate s dia often it's shortened just to V gates V gates V gates and the ear version would be V gate s o V gate si you could simply answer with good good good and you can follow it up with danke to make it more polite good danke good danke kootz danke you can answer this question with one or two words like good or slashed slashed which means bad or niche slashed missed slashed not bad you can also quantify how well you are doing by using an adverb in front of good for example ganz good guns goat guns good means quite well Xia good Xia good Xia good means very well or even mixed goat meat good meat good goat means not good obviously you can also substitute select for any of these examples where I used good if you were going to answer with a full sentence you need to start your answer with Mia gate s mia gate s for example mia gate as good mia gate as good mia gate as good I'm doing well mere gate s / mia gate as fleshed me okay - light I'm doing poorly Mir gate s net flash mia gate as neat flashed me agita snitch left mia gate as prima Mia gate s prima Mia gate as prima I'm doing great mia gate s Zuppa mia gate as supe I'm doing super if you want a version of these sentences that tell how more than one person is doing you would replace Mia with once for instance once gate as good once gate as good it's going well for us as I mentioned before the question V gate s dia is often shortened to just V gates when answering you can also shorten this to me against me against the shortening of these sentences should not be done when using the Z version and you should be very cautious when using them in any form as they may give the impression that you're more fluent than you really are you might have noticed that none of these questions use do eeeh or Z and none of the answers used a that's because technically speaking the question is how is it going and for each of these answers you would translate it as it's going well or poorly or great for me you wouldn't answer ich bin for this question most of the time as if bin goat and H been fleshed means I am good as in not evil and I am bad as in not good most people would understand what you meant to say but it's technically not correct you can answer the question v gate s dia or vga test Enon with each bin if you use a different adjective instead of good or for instance a spin meter a bin meter each pin muda I am tired it been hung it been clunk it's been conk I am sick if you want to answer with via we you would say vias int instead of a pin you can also make a play on words and say s gate which literally just means it goes but in English is more like the expression so so or alright s gate s gate in order to ask the other person how they are in response to the question V gate s Keenan or V gate s DIA you would say Antonin for the Z form and once dia for the do version for example gutentag vaquita seenin mia gate s code Antonin Mir Gatos al code hallo v gates can scoot but dear Mitch slashed as a visitor to Germany you might get the question of O'Hare common Z where are you from whoa here common z vu here common Z the do version is whoa here comes to - and the ear version would be vu here CompTIA vu here CompTIA the answer is a coma House a coma House a coma house or via common house via common house followed by your place of origin for example vu hair comes to a coma house America whoa hey common Z if coma House Illinois vu hair CompTIA via common house Edwardsville now you just have to find the German translation of your country's name you could just say the name of the city but be prepared for the follow-up question though is das though is das where is that if it isn't famous enough like New York the answer could be as simple as in America or in Illinois you could also say in their Nayef on which is nearby or near something else in danaiah fun in there Nia fun and then a nearby place that might be well known enough that they would get an idea of where you live for example for here comes to eight coma house Edwardsville and voeis does 10 Edwardsville is in there Nayef on st. Louis won't Velika das st. Louis is in Demeter there wasa the next question I might ask you is veal Anja bleiben Z in Deutschland v Lana bleiben Z in Deutschland v la apply Lindsay in Thailand how long are you staying in Germany the other options would be V Lana Blythe's do in Deutschland v Lana Blythe's do in Deutschland or veal on obliged here in Deutschland v Lana lived here in Deutschland v Lang applied Tia in Deutschland the answer doesn't have to be overly specific you could just say I'm pas ein paar and in the appropriate amount of time for example I'm pataga a few days I'm parvo Caen a few weeks I'm Pam anata a few months I'm pas targa I'm pav walkin I'm pas Mon Atta if you know your numbers in German already you could say the actual number of days or weeks you're staying did I Tyga Tyga survived huahin survived Aachen einen monad einen monad if you want to answer this question with a full sentence you would say ich liebe ich liebe or via bleiben via bleiben followed by the amount of time that you're staying each bleiben Zechs taga each Bible is extra via bleiben fear Vulcan via bleiben fear Valken each blob of film anata each ply the film anata the last question or series of questions on my list for today isn't really a continuation of the conversation example I've shown you so far but is it important enough question that I think you need to be able to answer it as one of the first questions you ever learn there are a few variations of this question as well but you would almost exclusively hear them in the Z form so I'll only show you those options for these sentences the question V kann ich Ihnen helfen v kann ich Ihnen helfen V Connie Keenan - how can I help you this is the question that you'll be asked when you go to a German store and you're looking around you can answer with a ton of different options but the simple ones are the following a shower me Noah ohm a shower me Noah boom eh madam a newer home shaolin ich martinez newer own Shaolin ish Bao Joshua ich brauche ah schewe a master einen Turner ich möchte einen Turner if you look like you're looking for something but you can't find it they might ask you vas zu + Z vas zu Kanzi vas do Kenzi a zoo huh a zoo huh a zoo huh I'm boo a zoo huh I'm boo zoo her Dave out is a his woo her Dave out is a more generalized question you might hear would be vas mashed and z vas marched in Z what would you like it might be ended with another verb like bashed Ellen bashed Ellen to order or Calvin Calvin to buy or haben haben to have but the general question is the same and the answer is the same no matter what each master diamond a patent a master Dean Linda Bratton each master das ich möchte das H master diese eight mark diese before we can get into the formation of questions we need to first take a step back and look at the formation of statements so you understand what's going on when we switch to a question statements generally start with the subject of the sentence the person or thing that is doing something in the sentence the next thing is the verb which is changed to match the correct form for the subject after that we have a variety of different things but to keep things simple for today's lesson we are going to refer to these things as other stuff so general word order for a statement in German is subject verb other stuff for example a Ben Levi I am Levi a is your subject bin is your verb and Levi is your other stuff dear man gates knock house' the man is going home Damon is the subject gate is your verb and knock house' is your other stuff via calvin deep on cotton we are buying the train tickets via are your subject Calvin is the verb and deep on cotton are the other stuff in order to make a simple question out of a statement we simply move the verb to the other side of the subject in other words verb first then subject and then your other stuff still at the end let's move back to the example of demon gates now house' to make a question out of this we move the verb gate to the first position now our sentence is heat demon now house' is the man going home gate is your verb the imaan is still your subject and now house' is still your other stuff they just switch the word order on the first two things let's try that again Deacon de spiel and foo spot the children are playing soccer spielen Deacon de feu spod are the children playing soccer spielen is now at the beginning of the sentence showing you our verb first notice that just like in English my voice changes a bit at the end of the last word of the question if you the same thing with your voice when reading a statement you can sort of ask a question but the connotation changes notice the difference between Deacon - be landfill spot the children are playing soccer and chippy Lindy Kenda foosball are the children playing soccer the first one indicates a disbelief the children are usually playing basketball but now they're playing soccer that's weird Deacon - Beland who's ba but if you're just asking a question of whether or not the children are playing soccer you would need the normal question word order of spilling the kin de feu spot are the children playing soccer sometimes your subjects should not be the same in your question as it is in your answer for example if I'm the one responding in the answer to the question the question probably used the pronoun you for example most do hiyah do you live here yeah Ivana here yes I live here bleiben z Lana are you staying long 9h bleiben what's fight agha no I am only staying two days I only bring this up because it isn't always obvious that this needs to change when you were first learning German it feels obvious once you learn it but before that it seems kind of confusing it's a good reminder that the subject and verb must always agree which is why our verb changes between the question and the response the questions I've shown you so far are a bit boring however as we don't yet have question words question words are technically called interrogative pronouns the reason I mention this is because pronouns replace things in sentences the subject pronouns that I talked about in lesson eight for example replace nouns that are the subject of the sentence when you use a question word in a question you are indicating that there is a lack of knowledge on a part of the sentence the answer to the question no longer has the question word in it as the question where it has been replaced with the formerly missing information think of the question words as placeholders for more substantive information the first question where do you need to learn is vas which means what and is mostly used like it is in English for example vas coughs - what are you buying H kalfa a sofa I am buying a sofa vas estas what is that da sustained Donna that's a doner kebab vas thanks to da bobba what do you think about that vas can either be the subject of the sentence as it was in the question of us estas or it can be the object like it was in the question vas coughs do do is the one buying something in that sentence the something being bought was the object vas I mentioned this because if the question word vas is the subject of the sentence the conjugation of the verb is usually the third person singular as the S form of the verb for instance vas state India what is standing in the corner the conjugation of the verb can be in the third-person plural z form if you know that vas refers to more than one thing for example Vasanth Dee's Edina what are these things it's important to note that technically dinga are the subject of the sentence along with vas due to the special nature of the verb sign which again I'll talk about in a few weeks next up we have the question word vole which means we're in English this is great for asking where things are which is pretty important when you're first visiting Germany keep in mind that in contrast to vas the question word vole can never be the subject of the sentence with the exception of Zion which means you are not restricted to the third-person singular a szs or plural z forms of the verbs here are a few examples of how you can use the question word vole wolf into HD twilit ah where do I find the toilet for leaps to yest where do you live now vole begins dasu henan where does the race start vole is Dinah Mota where is your mother vulva Tan via often boss where are we waiting on the bus volunteer Dodge where are you learning German Volga Hal India Persia where do these books belong the next question word you need to know is via which means who in English the official rules for via and who are supposed to be the same but English speakers don't really seem to care anymore what the difference between who and whom is which leads to some problems when trying to ask questions in German short version who is always the subject of the sentence but whom is not that's all that really matters for now via is always the subject of the sentence we use it to ask about a person who is doing the action of sentence it's also used exclusively to inquire about people or in rare cases personified animals via anvil are often difficult for English speakers to grasp because vole looks like who but means where and via looks like where but means who the way I remember it is that you can answer the question of via with a ax which is simply the question word without the W at the beginning this is also good for reminding you that the conjugation of the verb when this question word is used is the same as the third person singular ASDs form here are a few examples of how you can use this question word I also answered these questions to show you that you can replace via with air to answer the question via nent ina maha Anika kata who calls a carrot a carrot because in German there are multiple words for carrot an ant animala ina Cohutta he calls a carrot a carrot Viet psyched once does vite see who is showing us the restroom yet psyched once dust vayetzi he is showing us the restroom vf50 ponies often Veeck who is leading the ponies on the path EF USD ponies often Veeck he is leading the ponies on the path again the conjugation of the verb is in the third-person singular as the s form when you reuse a via as the subject this applies even if you know that the answer to the question is plural for example via is shown da who is already there Z's in Shonda they are already there the V avant Indies M house who lives in this house the via Vaughn in Indies M house we live in this house the next question we need to learn is a van which means when in English it's used to inquire about the time of some event or action again since the question word is not the subject of this sentence when can't do something the conjugation of the verb is not dependent upon this question word the subject of the sentence will be directly after the verb and the conjugation of the verb will match that subject van blinks to do dustbowl Sulak when are you bringing the book back van Lanen via über das passive when are we learning about the passive van Pelt eeeh ina and watt when does he need an answer van begins deaf film when does the film start van becomin demoulas yeah Auto Civic when are the Millers getting their car back you've already seen our next question word in a few simple questions from the last video V means how this question word is also never the subject of the sentence here are some examples of how to use V V hi sands e how are you called V gate s Enon how are you the mines du das how do you mean that V slaved dine hunt how does your dog sleep VL - via enca that Selah how do we reach our goals V is a much more versatile question word than the other ones we've seen so far as you can add adjectives after it to inquire about the degree of something you can do the same in English which you can see in these examples the ghost bist du how tall are you v alt bist du how old are you visa is thisis bumble how sour is this candy V langa life's 2 in Deutschland how long are you staying in Germany the last question word on my list for today is volume which is German for why this one isn't different from English either so I'll just jump right into the examples volume fact iya das why is he asking that vow home fetch days to make niched why don't you understand me Vavoom at zealand Kinder's Isaac is shiftin why do children tell stories like that Val home fazool Kenzi das nicht Morton why don't you try that tomorrow and now as promised I'll explain why I think the subject and the verb are in a romantic relationship with each other they have to be dating the subject is almost always next to the verb it is definitely the dominant personality in the relationship as it usually is first in the sentence if the subject isn't first it is directly after the verb this happens like we saw earlier in this video with questions in a statement the subject is first followed by the verb in a question the verb is first and then the subject if we have a question word the question is first then our verb then our subject again they're right next to each other sometimes the question where is the subject which again puts the subject at the first position followed by the verb they're always right next to each other you can separate the subject and verb in complicated situations for instance they're in a long-distance relationship when that happens at the beginner level however you don't need to worry about this but suffice it to say you can separate this clingy couple in more complicated situations or sentences since my students don't learn about this until their junior year I usually tell them that you can't separate the clingy couple until their junior year which is usually when they break up anyway the subject and verb take their relationship to the creepy level of wearing matching clothes the verb changes to match the subject as the subject is the dominant personality in the relationship so it gets to choose the outfits that they wear if the subject where's the do pronoun for example the verb wears it's st outfit if you want more fantastic content like this video consider subscribing so you know when I have something new for you das is Hans Hans is goes stock was worthless it's been a brown Harvick modish wouldn't attractive to piss Nate hope our du bist out Nick Tesla to boost MIT amazing it's been a good angered Soudan one shake das is MIA Xia's Klein won't fit sziasztok Xia kräftig it fenders in needless it's been a vaccine age beneath needs Lee su finished with ice our tank ich bin air shown it's been a lung elegant want blonde holidays to pursue eyelid on neatly design Albert Sooyoung from insurance resign if special out it's been big and hold Hollis it's been set he's been doing once pathology bonsoir he's been Fager it's been gesund he's been hung who does is alias here is perv Aeolus would an Standish yeah mark uma das piscina Elton Sagan yeah is M of a guy start MIT seinem findin is the affluent least once net here is me I fuzzers - yes now mom healthy would furnish munch math is their house how ich das is Leon air is Bo's haft here is our Gant ego is dish anga builded a god-sent leche title stalls home ot combined robe would fluently taktloss I just later age a finished our gunned he been I'm fat passer as under the lighter they finished a mine a his agony VAR height when man shall item earnest net it's been the target loss okay flies finish dr. Tucker close our DS are under and Zack and finish next he's been bounced it's been emotes you and I'll it's been full Cliff Lee went good ground even third Weasley who flashed around each pin Tampa does it isn't been gas is cranking fleiger Antrim yes the shine would mid Finland yes dog saves Provost what is Isaiah the new crank best can AR dear heaven thus is Prince Levi yes but Saban charm and wood elf declared Borgia Marshallese em thus is here professor dr. Antrim here is I'm Molly guard our fire guy's a hoot get shaked one twice even Fred H pens ate some wimba - unclear teeth wooden behind ya fog laws went a spin of hair and professor dr. Antrim i fazer station analyst viet cold air is optimistic steady idea for escaped cane him a life SSI in fact then do a Spurs Oaks kind of earlier on Don's the album is no Himmel Stella dear for I'll dimension leave nor fear whiter here is idealists dish munches our consent code Manchus actions and slashed passes Einstein wanted us is Einstein yeah Israel is dish as via neva all's clutch as gift Kynan consume vayan air is pessimist ish política Kern and evade focus on when islands were problem Anderson air is naive thus is Xander cage here is mu T octave would Alban realistic he's been Sam it's been his guys would her flesh the collision and helfen it been done it's been fresh would on her flesh it has aa holla via zulan or ding best and bavarois each Marines Oberheim yes they are guides egg fly say what organiz Natoli is they're all perfectly wonderful essay yes Dolph kadoya t want then Mowgli you build it thus is th Deena yes they're intelligent and Oscar's act is their Klug slough went good inform yet thus is Tim air is blurred and Oscars act is their Dolph Hindi sh-boom when Hans laws mind how man is rise romantic that Cowens verde wanton cloud where days when the legs x-file and for time is this then i'll who more forest who more for highs handling Wharton rusty Horowitz e-zyme to be if Ben du bist air is Z East s East veers in years I'd zis and zis IND you can use sign with an adjective to describe people and things a in who SH I am handsome du bist Klug you are smart here is stock he is strong he isn't fleiss's we are hardworking insight foul you are lazy zezinho Tallis they are redheaded simply add the nationality of the person or persons in the sentence to describe them that way just don't use an article like I'm or eine you don't need that in these sentences ich bin americana i am an american do this deutsche you are a german z is trite 7xi in swiss visa master ha ha we are Austrians ears ID France Olson you are French Z's in Spain yeah they're Spaniards it been Americana SHhhh I am American nein das socks Benito zag liebe ich bin Americana do business Americana sh9 accent is the Marikana SH time Auto is semantic Harnish our do this Americana you can do the same thing with occupations again no articles like I noreña 8-pin Liotta I am a teacher this do an Valentin are you a lawyer yeah it's Chowchilla he is an actor visas in Haifa we are sales people site you can can play Giga are you nurses miner blue resent Mechanica my brothers are mechanics if you're identifying an object you do need an article if you want to say the use daddy or does based on the gender of the noun if you want to say a or an and the noun is masculine or neuter use ie if it's feminine use eine if it's plural you often don't need an article but if you do need one or want one you could say the using D hb9 man I am a man Rubenstein a foul you are a woman Darcis time fared that is a horse dear man is deaf abraha the man is the criminal defense Dimity the woman is the mother visit us we are the label EU site Kenda you are all children that's in teach Duda these are the chairs your fun fact of the day sign is one of two verbs in the German language they can have two subjects for instance in all of the examples in the sentences that I just gave hp9 man both the man and I are the subject of that sentence hey it's Ben du bist and as he asses visit the inside season season hey Ben du bist and a Z yes is the isn't inside seasoned seasoned change bundu piscazzi assist beers and ears I'd seasoned a Pandu piscazzi as his fears and years out season a harbor do hast air hat Z hat s hat viajar iya hopped Z haben sie haben the verb haben always requires an object the articles are the same as normal for feminine neuter and plural nouns as objects acaba eine tanta I have an ant hast du ina talkto do you have a daughter minam o tahat ina shrestha my mother has a sister via haben ed town we have parents Haupt iya I'm Kent do you have a child - goes editon haben Siviglia my grandparents have twins if the object is a masculine noun you need Dane for the and einen for a or an ich habe einen Fattah I have a father has two islands own do you have a son mine Buddha hat einen buddha h benzine buddha my brother has a brother I am his brother mine Fatih hat gosh Vista ZZZ int minor Tintin went uncle my father has siblings they are my aunts and uncles via haben einen ghost FATA and ina goes motor we have a grandfather and a grandmother hop dia einen effing do you have a nephew side note on this one the word nephal also requires an N at the end of the noun when it's used as the object of the sentence - 10 haben einen buddha my niece's have a brother when some parts of your body hurt you don't need an article because these pains SHM Ansan are plural acaba cops Madson I have a headache du hast Bausch Madson you have a stomach yeah hot-hatch Matson he has a sore throat via haven't sang Matson we have a toothache again to the sentence to change to have into to like if you like a sport you don't need an article it have a foosball god I like soccer has to do basketball agian do you like basketball z hot baseball gal she likes baseball via haben tennis can we like tennis happy a golf game do you like golf d kindda haben hunt ball again the children like handball you can add gown with other verbs to change it from the original verb to liking doing that action some people add an e to the end of gown to make it gana this does not change the meaning at all HP eleganza I like to play chess tons to do gown do you like to dance - Vesta shall kill tian my sister likes to swing via s and gal we like to eat ah bite it again do you like to work - goes Elton at sailin Keanu goes shift in my grandparents like to tell stories it hava du hast a hat C hat as hat via haben eeeh hucked z haben sie haben acaba du hast air hat C hat s hat via haben you hopped Z haben sie haben das East Bob Bob is fun fun try Sahara at a hata eine AFL Stephie white house and zip same verb obnoxious Dan hot ash defecate often sue asked Fozzie's ina findin on iya iya point danvers e-zine FL ophtho went iya iya fellip da da ZZ fellow cotton ear a hawk sidewards 5000 slavka fired danver a bob the yeoman who Steffie dafo llaman aura EFL conman al e apart nanan z haven't hiked in de yong Sophie and Luca doesn't pub on steffie's knock Vox Yong is the elta zone when Luca their young aha Sophie is de Tata Sophie is - Vesta Fanny on hunt Luca Luca is the Buddha phone Sophie when he on ZZZ and gives Vista year the Elton sent Bob da Fatah hoon Stephie Dimity Deacon dhananand Bob and Veda Papa or a fatty moon Stephie and vader mama or emoti slight housands ash same happens each pub on Stephie feedin lassen 5000 zip same hot pub in annoy a foul Katrine garroted when Stephie einen neuen man Christian Bob's neue foul is steve steve motor Fani on Sophie won't Luca Steph is Norman is there Steve Fattah for name key and on Kathleen varnavat ver y a Aman is for Empire anguish table when the a FF on eine manatee up NAND man decent man einen vltava christian hottas aunts like Hinda as if Stephanie high Ratatat Anna is stiff stiff shrestha went lay on is - Steve Buddha Fani on Sophie won't Luca Christians kinder Zen tea steve kindda phone Stephie Anna is Steve Steve doctor went lay on there Steve zone Bob and Catrin hub Island zone 1 Dinah talked to Zaman lava is the hub fester funny on Sophie won't Luca went Yannick Nahal Buddha lava on Yannick sent valina seasons nicht ein yogurts valina seasoned serve aiiow gets filling a toss the dieted sees a innate light house perhaps editin Zen tea goes Eitan funny on Sophie won't Luca year goes Fattah Wendy a gross motor happens visor Erna Bob would Danielle want I know dr. Nadine Daniel is there uncle Fontaine Kingdom Daniel's AFL Melanie went Bob on Daniel Schwester Nadine Zen steeped Anton von yawn Sophie won't Luca dick hinder fun Daniel and Melanie Zen tea fatten Vanya an Sophie would Luca julia is d qu Xena won't Dennis de Icaza yan went Luca Zintan F Infante Daniel won't Melanie Sophie is dear Anita Daniel is - Vega phone Catrin Nadine is Katrina forgiven Klaus is f viga fatah when pair get dish viga Mota Catrin is dish viga Tata from Klaus won't be a geat bob is - own from katrin's Alton t kinder phone Bob Nannan Klaus oppa won't be a geat oh ma de Guiche Vista phone Birgit Cynthia goes uncle wenti ghost hunter phone pubs Kingdom D Elton phone be egged Zinta who goes Alton for Bob's Kingdom data they're all father when Erica T work osmoter Yan and Luca Zen tea anchor for Klaus on PA get when Sophie TN : fear DITA on Erica Zenzi degauss ankle wound caused ankle in mid-august informati onin country yet Bob stun bomb size 9 venez Oh Alcide happy analysis HDFS Tandon inés ich bin is a bin ein yah alt save I a hobbits vy kindle dry doesn't i Katzen fear is a jeden tag fear at the film doesn't filth biron Zechs air hat Zechs carton Sieben visit of vodkas even art assists at war knowing the cats ax hat knowing laban saying a can of dodge beasts in Zeeland of escaped elf elfin in BIM BOM survived they evolved posted its valve mal Hobbit ass house bleep Gian the numbers after its 512 follow a pattern up to and including 19 the numbers end with sane and they start with the same word as the numbers from try three to nine nine just be careful with Zac scene and zb-- team as they drop a letter or two to form the new number but I teen tried sane is ina unglued Sal Fiat Shane Fiat sane Kenda is in to feel 15 - Vesta is films a Miata alt Ashton object sane cannon in the US a-- thousand zip zing zip sane is tonight sites left in the US a-- oxen of oxen can man into iceland on a ten thousand nine sane the Duggars have nine same kinder after 1919 we have a similar pattern all of the numbers up to and including nine and nine say follow the pattern of ones place plus wouldn't plus the tens place obviously if there is a 0 in the ones place you don't bother saying it out loud if the number is or one is in the ones place you don't say the S at the end of the word instead of saying ants you say I'm and here are the numbers from 21 to 29 as an example I annoyance Vons sake Svein Sivan sake did I want Sivan sake fear and spawns ik phone wants van sick sex once vans ik z been on Swan sick act when swans ik9 owns van sick once you have mastered this pattern of number creation you simply have to learn the words for the tens places I'll count by tens to show you what they are things to note about these numbers that I see is the only one spelled with an S set instead of a Z both Zechs ands even are shortened again as they did with the teams to become hectic and Zbyszek sane Swan say that I say fear sake finish Zack sake zip say ah say nine say once you get to know an annoying say in German you get to ein Honda which you can also just say as Honda then you have to put the number after the hundred behind the word Honda if you have more than 100 you put the number of hundreds in front of the word Honda Einhorn at eins spy Honda's try on Fiat shake acht hundreds even won't act sake just like in English you can use 11 through the teens to express numbers over 1000 but anything beyond the teens has to be expressed with the word thousand f1 dot violence wonsik 1909 online session thousand nine sane to tell time in German you simply put the word or between the hours and the minutes to say it as a full sentence you can add as East in front of the time keep in mind that one o'clock is iua and not eins were also eine or would be a clock which is clearly not what you meant as is act or 15 SS Zechs was excellent I say s Sevilla s is filth wolf in phone finish use na to say that the time is a number of minutes after the hour you can include the word Minuten in your sentence if you like but it's not necessary you can also leave out the or when you form a sentence like this if you leave out the word or with ein or it becomes ice instead s is dry Minuten na Thea assist elf Minuten noch ein or assist F Minuten na eins assist fear once van sick na dry use for to say that the time is a number of minutes before the hour the same rules as before with regards to Minuten and OA still apply s is fin for the Zechs s is same Minuten false why s is tonight same Minuten for Sieben what you may not have realized about those examples that i just gave is that every single one of them is in the morning that's because germans use the 24-hour clock in order to say a time that is after its value o or twelve o'clock you simply count up to the next hour to hide saying whoa fiat sena etc if you have trouble with this take any number that is over 12 and subtract 12 from it in order to get the hours in the 12 hour system it is common to use the 12 hour system in conversational German as you can tell based on the context if you mean morning or afternoon but any written or official time telling will be done in the 24 hour system because there is no obligatory AM or PM equivalent like we have in English s is saying what I see as is same for zips a ánewá s is Diane's phanzig words valve in order to read simple math questions in German you'll need some extra vocabulary you say plus to add things together you can use East or mocked where the equal sign goes scene plus ions fonczek marked I in one try sake fear on spawns ik+ film on try SEC East nine on film Zig to subtract use Minos nine and nine sake Minos fear on Fiat sake mark film on phonetic Zacks on Fiat sick Minos valve East fear once try sake to multiply use Mod nine mile nine is ein one arctic act marked East fear one's a snake to divide use github Jewish survive on zip Zig get tired to a know I'm marked art fun fun fantasy get tired do a fun east elf you're fantastic fact of the day is about the Noma eins you may have noticed that I mentioned that there is a difference between I know ah one o'clock and ina or a clock that's because the word I'm and all of its other forms IANA and einen for example all stem from the German word for one which is eins this means that you can use it like I did in my first example sentence H bin I'm Yael and translated as I am one year old or I am a year old as the word I'm can also mean a or an in that sentence this is true of all of the other times when you use ein in a sentence for example a Kalba einen hunt can be translated as I have a dog or I have one dog now for the mind-blowing part all of that is true because ice is being used as a pronoun it replaces something in every sentence in which it has ever used it doesn't have any of the other endings like eine or einen because it's being used as kind of a generic pronoun that doesn't necessarily point to a particular noun so it uses the neuter form eins for example estas I'm glad pop here yeah that's East eins if the noun that is being replaced is known you do need to change I'm to fit the gender of the noun being replaced and the case in which the pronoun is being used for example hissa h Braja einen asked a issed i know since this video is designed for a-1 learners I'll just point out that if you're going to use ein in this manner you should probably wait until you've learned a bit more German let's start with the time telling things that I left out of the last video in German you don't always have to give the precise minutes and hours of the day you can split the hours into quarters and halves like you do in English unlike in English however the German phrase Holub fiha doesn't translate as half-past four but instead half until four this is a bit disorienting at first but it's quite simple once you understand it here are a few examples to get you acclimated to this idea hub Zechs 5:30 or half of six hub eins 12:30 or half of one hub scene half of 10 or 9:30 a strange version of this would be to include fall or knock and a number of minutes usually five or ten this requires you to do a quick math problem in your head if you're an English native speaker fin fajas even for example would translate as five till half of seven house ebin is 6:30 so Finn's Minuten before that would be Zechs woof infant sponsor so Finn fajas eben is actually 625 here are a few more examples of this complicated mess Finn for hub 9 8:25 Finn flaw hub Thea 335 same for hub if 10 20 can English you can use quarter hours to say that it's 15 minutes before or after the hour simply use fall or not like we did the examples from last week and the word theater which is the German word for quarter theater fought I to 45 Fiat ona act 815 theater fought scene 9:45 theater knock phone 5:15 there are also two weird ways to use the word theater if you leave out the words fall or not you have a similar math question to that which will be used with hub in these examples the phrase becomes a quarter of the way towards a particular hour for example Fiat 1115 literally a quarter of eleven Seattle 9 8 15 literally a quarter of 9:00 you can also use die theater which is 3/4 of the way to the next hour this is by far the most confusing time expressions my students encounter here are a few examples of that did i Fiat Athiya 3:45 literally 3/4 of for did i fiat as ebin 6:45 literally 3/4 of 7 now that we have all of the time expressions out of the way you can start classifying the times of the day into parts of the day I mentioned this in the previous video that there is no obligatory AM or PM in German as there is in English you can however classify at the time of the day like this if you want the words that you need are Morgan Morgan morning me talk me talk midday na me talk nah Mitaka afternoon abend abend evening and not not night the only exception to that is not which requires you to switch to the phrase India not here are a few examples of how to use these expressions in a sentence s is saying I'm Morgan it is 10 o'clock in the morning as ist's valve i'm attack it is 12 o'clock in midday as is survived wha I'm not maitake it is 2 o'clock in the afternoon as is X well I'm abend it is 6 o'clock in the evening as is saying what end and not it is 10 o'clock at night you can use these words without a preposition that's what I'm and in are doing in the previous examples if you use an S if you use one of these words with an S at the end of it it no longer is capitalized as it's technically no longer a noun if you use it with a specific time of the day the meaning doesn't change from the previous examples s is saying will a Morgan's it's 10 o'clock in the morning s is spas or Mattacks it is 12 o'clock in the midday assists of I would not metallics it is 2 o'clock in the afternoon if you use these versions without a specific time of the day it becomes a generalization about that part of the day these words indicate repeated actions during those times of the day in both German and English you can start your sentence with these words if you do that in German you need to move the subject to the other side of the verb I think of it as having the subject and verb attached with a string they have to be next to each other so if the first spot is taken by something else in this case the time element the subject has to move to the other side unlike in English however you don't need a comma between the time and the verb Morgan's SAH Bachchan MIT mama Lada mornings I eat rolls with jam Mattacks father Unni mid days I Drive to the university knock maytag's Slava a afternoons I sleep bobbins lazy evenings I read Doc's spiel it is for tonight nights I play for tonight you can use both of these options with the days of the week too you can use arm to indicate a specific Monday or Tuesday or other day of the week or you can use the days with an S at the end so that it indicates a reoccurring action the same capitalization rules apply as before if there's an S at the end of the word it's not capitalized Mon tax I buy two in a can Mondays I don't like to work um Dean stock hyped a einen brief on Tuesday he is writing a letter vas max to a mitzvah what are you doing on Wednesday via Zoo and Donna's tax noia Busia we are looking Thursdays for new books um I talk later H MIT meinem chef on Friday I am talking with my boss das beste ha beated Zhanna burns Linda patent on the restaurant offers roast beef on Saturdays H bazooka Amazon tack ina kiyow kiyow I am attending a church on Sunday if you didn't pick up on it in the previous sentences when you use the time element behind the verb it usually precedes the direct object to show you more of these examples I'll introduce you to some other time words that I haven't used yet H s ahoy - pizza I am eating pizza today ich esse Morgan eine bratwurst I am eating a bratwurst tomorrow via Zayin hi - abend einen film we are watching a film tonight blinks to morgan flu cafe are you bringing coffee tomorrow - kinda feelin DISA waha foo spot my children are playing soccer this week - Amelia heist next mo not not Chicago my family is traveling to Chicago next month mine Buddha linked Yadin tux Violetta Vasa my brother drinks two liters of water every day I think we've had enough example sentences for today so your assignment is to take three of the words and phrases which I'm about to introduce you to and write three example sentences using them I'll correct your sentences in the comments in inavaja in a week in annouce Tunde in an hour in einem yah in a year he named Theia thean on vacation or during the break in Soma in the summer jesus yeah this year yay de Vaca every week Volken and on the weekend Ubah Mogan the day after tomorrow the first step in this process is learning about ordinal numbers ordinal numbers are things like first second third and so on these are obviously not exclusive to dates so I'll start with how to form them outside of their association with dates for the most part ordinal numbers are the same as the normal numbers called cardinal numbers but you add te or st e to the end of the number technically speaking the t or st transforms the Cardinal number normal counting number into an ordinal number a number that defines the order of things or events and then you add an e to the end as an adjective ending that has to match the case and gender but since you're beginners I'm going to show you how to use these in specific circumstances and avoid the real adjective ending lesson for now there are a few exceptions to the ad T or s T and then an e rule so I'll show you the list up to 13 for a start a hasta first vitae second Doretta third theater fourth fifth fifth sexta sixth zipped seventh octa 899 santa 10th after eleven suave to twelve did I it ain't a thirteenth since the numbers 13 to 19 all end with seen in German you have the same exact ending for each of them that I'd say into 13th Fiat st. uh 14th 15 to 15th Zak 2:16 zip Santa seventeenth octane to 18th nine centa 19th after 19 the numbers end with Svante and in order to make those into an ordinal number you need to add ste Sivan sixta xx I'm one spawn sixth twenty first serve I once Vaughn sixth twenty second try once Vaughn sixth twenty-third Thea one spawn sixth twenty fourth fifth once Vaughn sixth twenty fifth Zechs one spawn sixth twenty sixth Zippin once van sixth twenty seventh act once van sixta twenty eight nine once van sixta 29th numbers after twenty nine follow the same pattern by adding ste to the end this includes not only the two numbers that I'll show you for the purposes of dates but also for every number up to 100 it should be mentioned that the word for the 100th does not include the pronunciation aiding e like you saw with regular verb conjugation so the 100th is hon desta the only two numbers that you need for dates after 29 are as follows die sixth thirtieth ein on die six to 31st if you want to say the date you can form your sentence similarly to what you can in English keep in mind that the dates are masculine so everything uses day or a variant thereof for example lyta is tf2 feb hua today is the 11th of February Morgan is debts vive de fierbois tomorrow is the 12th of February you belong is dead tight Saint affable WA the day after tomorrow is the 13th of February dia Fiat Lu Li is on fire talk in Dane OS are the four from July is a holiday in the USA data October is to few Iceland Ainley the third of October is similar for Germany if you want to say on the followed by a date in German you use the preposition on plus theme and then the ordinal number with an N at the end on + game are usually shortened to just um here are a few examples of that eh haba I'm Finn st. in November kaput stock I have my birthday on the 15th of November h-file mine in hooked sight stack via on Sivan sixth annually I celebrate my wedding anniversary on the 24th of July via fiim DZ's yeah ah one spawn 16 November Thanksgiving we celebrate Thanksgiving on the 28th of November this year I'm Finn fun spawn 16 day Temba Fion Fila dodging vine actin on the 25th of december a lot of Germans celebrate Christmas when reading specific dates in German the order is slightly different than the order used in the USA for those familiar with British English there is no difference in America we usually write the dates with a month than the day and finally the year in British English and in German and pretty much everywhere else in the world except in the US we write the day first then the month and finally the year this is just another example of the Americans being unique like when we use feet and inches instead of meters and centimeters also Germans write dates with periods between the day month and year whereas English speakers generally write them with slash marks or hyphens it is also acceptable in English however to write dates with periods between the numbers here are some historical dates and how to read them in German and American English Deirdre 60y Onawa 1900 Pheo and zpt January 30th 1974 Christian Bale's keyboard stock Christian Bale's birthday the i-16 astin 1900 file unzip see wooda Christian Bale Givaudan on the 30th of January the first month 1974 Christian Bale was born dia de tomates octane Honda's even one Fiat a March 3rd 1847 Alexander Graham Bell's keyboard stock Alexander Graham Bell's birthday written written octane hundreds even on Fiat a Buddha Alexander Graham Bell kebabian on the 3rd of March the 3rd month 1847 Alexander Graham Bell was born Deirdre October 1990 October 3rd 1990 tag der deutschen einheit day of German unity on Britain st. n Phi and D tighten tag detection einheit on the 3rd of October the 10th month German celebrate day of German unity in English when we say something happened in a particular year we use in before the year in German this preposition is not only not necessary but is actually incorrect to be used pay attention to the difference in translation for the following examples it's 5000 seen habash - olga have at it in 2010 I married my wife it's five thousand five would a minor talked ago Balkan in 2012 my daughter was born five thousands xane woulda mines Olga Bhavan in 2016 my son was born now you have most of the parts that you need in order to read write and say dates in German the only part I left out is the names of the months in German here they are yahuwah January fabula February May aughts March uphill April my May uni June Julie July August August September September October October November November date Samba December let's start with the abbreviation sap z AP this stands for site wat stats we talked about the first one last week it's time generally in a German sentence the time thing will go before other bits of information hot refers to the way that something is done in English it's usually translated as manner this can be a mode of transportation or a means of accomplishing something this is definitely the most vague part of today's lesson but it's usually a good assumption that if something is neither sight nor plats it's probably OTT plats refers to the place that a sentence takes place some people choose the German word ought for this descriptor but that doesn't let you use the cool mnemonic device of sap sau just doesn't have the same ring to it in English we don't have a mnemonic device for this I simply say cite odd shots time manner place here are a few examples of this in action a kalfa morgen einen hunt MIT meinem Taschen gate em Cal falls I am buying a dog tomorrow in the department store with my allowance disregarding the fact that I've never seen a department store with a pet department the breakdown is as follows it is the subject it's the one doing the action of the sentence kalfa is the conjugated form of the verb calvin which indicates what is being done buying morgen indicates when it is happening which falls into the category of site einen hunt is the direct object the accusative object or the thing receiving the action of the verb MIT meinem fashion get it explains how you are paying for the dog which counts as art or manner in cow house indicates where the purchase is taking place which counts as Platts mind buddhih fayette item MIT impose knock mention my brother is driving to Munich today with the bus my brother is the one driving which makes him the subject of the sentence and is first the verb fayette is in second whitea counts as the time in this sentence and is directly after the verb meet tempus is the manner as it indicates the means of transportation the last thing in the sentence is not mention which indicates the place or destination you obviously don't have to have all of these elements in every single sentence you say if you leave one or two out the word order doesn't change you simply move on to the next phrase that should be in that sentence via lazin won't I Borgia in Debbie biotech we are reading books at 3 o'clock in the library gate eeeh or mocked say na na causa are you going home at 6 p.m. both of these phrases are leaving out art or manner but as you can see we just move on to the next thing in the sentence what happens when you have more than one time element in a sentence like today at 3 o'clock you have to say today and three o'clock how do you know which one goes first the answer is simple the order goes from least specific to most specific for example Mon tax DS and mo not insane to Isis Liana H Deutsch Mondays this month at 10:30 I am learning German Mondays happen every month of every year which means this is the most broad term in this sentence this month only happens once which means that it's more specific than Mondays at 10:30 is clearly the most specific time in this sentence as it gives the precise time of the day hi toh anti-gay met mine in London I'm Calvin today at 3 o'clock I am going shopping with my friends today is the larger or broader time here and my or or at 3 o'clock is obviously more specific so it goes next the future tense in German can be formed with a special verb called viadon which is conjugated weirdly and requires you to use another verb at the end of the sentence but you can avoid all of this complicated grammar lesson by just using the future tense with a time element that has not happened yet this is the same thing that's done in English for example a ski a Mogan in ski no I am going to the movie theater tomorrow Essen Bohannon de pizza we are eating pizza on the weekend mixed in Monad kalfa ich ein neues otto next month i am buying a new car in the last video I told you that you can put the time element at the beginning of the sentence and push the subject over to the other side of the verb time isn't the only thing that can be moved over like this technically you can start a German sentence with pretty much any of the elements that I've introduced you to today this even includes the direct object this is done to show special emphasis on the thing at the beginning of the sentence and should be used sparingly waha mogs - decent man nicht why don't you like this man Zenon an su Magus niched Dame man Kenny Connacht I don't like his suit I don't know the man at all mine Buddha Phaeton och Chicago my brother is driving to Chicago for him Fiat a - where is he driving a fast knock Chicago he is driving to Chicago Bohan nah Chicago fair tear - Chicago is where he is driving the bottom line is this no matter what you put at the beginning of a German statement the verb is in second position the subject can be on either side of the verb but in simple sentences like what beginners are going to write you need to have the subject and verb next to each other it's very common to put the time element at the beginning of a statement and move the subject to the other side of the verb other things can be put at the beginning of a statement but special emphasis is put on those words which sometimes makes the sentence feel a bit contrived Yadav acaba kamesh prospective on local Angus chef Dean Vth PD America hi auntie Becca hi before it I'm Calvin gear lazy is on the anchor boertie Dan vices can now vas is Calvin Master Hoyt - gage I'm Calvin and his name oh boy MIT das is the Metzger tie here can man flies when K is a Calvin it Cal for I divorced shinken went Kaiser home at first su Calvin Moosman mathematic expression it's a game versus high to master [Music] guten tag guten tag vas staff sign he had against 550 grams Incan okay Dan notes 550 grams salami Keanu in Quetta al Keanu fear Fonda's and Brad fearsome zones not hit fast yeah a shattered an alkie on a hundred fancy clam Gowda hundred fifty come Emmentaler on hundred fifty come Adama on hundred fifty gram Daffy on adviced vanished vastus East how is Maggie bhavish Owen oh dasa Steinhardt akiza benzidine neat Kenan than missing Z's ish funding via clickable ashen lassen dusk linked good each broken rock infant hawk flash - novice line Vasanta zonda 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