Class 9th Civics: Working of Institutions
Introduction
- Instructor: Degras Singh Rajput
- Platform: Social School
- Focus: Chapter "Working of Institution" from Civics Term 2
- Related Chapters: Electoral Politics
Overview
- Study of major institutions: Executive, Legislature
- Detailed explanation of their functions
- Importance of institutions in government
Incident: Office Memorandum
- Context: Issued by government on 13th August 1990
- Controversial for its impact on reservation and politics
- Issuer: Department of Personnel and Training, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension
- Content: 27% reservation for socially and educationally backward classes in government jobs
Mandal Commission
- Appointed: 1979, Chairman BP Mandal
- Purpose: Identify socially and educationally backward classes, recommend steps for their upliftment
- Recommendations: 27% reservation for backward classes
- Result: Political debate, implementation by V.P. Singh's government
Role of Institutions
- Institutions: Ensure governance through security, education, health
- Function: Executive, Legislature, Judiciary
- Democracy reliant on proper institutional functioning
Political and Permanent Executives
- Political Executives: Elected by people (e.g., Prime Minister)
- Permanent Executives: Civil servants (e.g., IAS officers)
- Political executives hold more power due to being elected representatives
Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
- Prime Minister: Leader of majority party or coalition, heads the government
- Council of Ministers: Appointed by President on advice of Prime Minister
- Types: Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State
Parliament
- Houses: Lok Sabha (House of People), Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
- Lok Sabha: Directly elected, holds more power than Rajya Sabha
- Rajya Sabha: Represents states, indirectly elected
- Functions: Law making, controlling government, budget approval, discussion forum
President
- Ceremonial head, first citizen
- Powers: Appoint Prime Minister, approve laws
- Relies on Council of Ministers for exercising power
Judiciary
- Role: Resolve disputes, interpret Constitution, protect fundamental rights
- Importance: Independent judiciary ensures impartial justice
- Power: Judicial review, guardian of Constitution
Summary
- Institutions are crucial for democratic functioning
- Executive, Legislature, Judiciary have distinct roles
- Understanding institutions helps comprehend governance
Additional Resources
- Suggestion: Use Unacademy app for practice and further learning
- Features: Free exams, quizzes, and classes
Note: These notes are a summary and revision aid.