all right everybody I I can anticipate that this probably won't be my most popular video because it starts with the word chemistry but if you're taking an anatomy and physiology class I want to give you the bare minimum of chemistry so that it can help you understand the rest of the course you see a lot of instructors go into way too much detail that you really don't need to know so I'm instead going to trim it back a little bit and only go through the things that are most pertinent for you to know so you can be successful in this class so let's get rolling right off the bat with why chemistry why and you can see the rest of the stuff we're going to go through but I want to answer that question first because a& right is a very complicated class Anatomy physiology you're looking at all these body systems that type of thing but in order to understand anatomy and physiology we first need to understand biology in general right specifically cell biology because all living things are made of Bio Life which is cells right cells are the base unit of life now in order to understand biology however we also must understand chemistry because in order for things to be alive they must do all the chemical reactions necessary to support life and not only that I'm not going to stop there but chemistry also is informed by math which is also informed by physics so if we were to really boil it down we need to know everything about physics math chemistry biology in order to understand anatomy and physiology but that being said not all of the uh components of these classes are as important for us to understand this but that is the why and also because disease happens on the chemical level if we understand how the atoms are interacting we can treat a lot of different diseases and in fact that's what we have done with the pharmaceutical industry um even though they have their warts there are some benefits to that right so second off what is chemistry you might know the answer to this but it's all about atoms and their interactions atoms and their interactions we know that atoms we cannot trust them because they make up everything pun intended right but atoms are just the base unit of all matter base unit of matter now I can say this confidently that you matter well so does the air and so does the desk because it's all made of matter which I just like to Define as stuff anything that has mass and takes up space is made of atoms so atoms we have a variety of different atoms um and they all have different chemical structures um depending on how many protons neutrons electrons they have but let's sum it up with they all have three components so if I'm going to draw an atom I'm going to draw something like this where I'll have some pluses in the center I have some zeros in the center as well and then flying around the outside I will have some negatives and as I'm drawing it with a dud marker let me throw that away I just made that but you didn't see it but it was impressive you'll also have those negatives on the outside right and these are your protons positive one charge you've got your neutrons which are neutral so they have no charge they have no association of charge and therefore that's going to be basically the last time I mentioned a neutron in this class Neutron Neutron our neutral no charge and then we've got our electrons which as you can see are a one charge so electrons are negative one charge so as we can see if this is one atom specifically an atom of helium if you know your periodic table we have an equal number of protons and electrons so therefore this atom is neutral and generally speaking atoms like to be neutral same number of protons same number of electrons however I want to point out to the electrons real quick because they are probably the most important one you see these electrons are really really tiny and they are flying around the nucleus in different orbitals okay so literally like an orbit like the Earth around the Sun the electrons are orbiting around this nucleus which is basically made of the protons and the neutrons called the nucleus now as they do that they have a lot of kinetic energy because they are flying super fast so I'm just going to write a lot of kinetic energy and really all life is trimmed down down to how electrons hop from one atom to another okay so we're really looking at where the electrons go because sometimes electrons can be shared between atoms sometimes they can be transferred between atoms and we're all following the electrons because they've got all the energy now an interesting fun fact is that you look at the charges right you have positive and negative charge and you know this right if you've seen like a magnet or a battery you see the positive negative end and you know that opposites a do you not hopefully that's I mean not hopefully but uh sometimes that happens in relationships too right two opposite people kind of attract each other and it's true in physics as well but if Opposites Attract why aren't the electrons going towards the protons because they're oppositely charged right well I'm actually not going to answer that so drop in the comments below if you have an idea of why these guys aren't just going right close to each other because they're opposites attracting instead they're flying around the nucleus okay so I mentioned that it's all about how the electrons hop from one thing to another so let's step back a little bit and say the more common atoms that are in our bodies we see a lot of c h n and p and then some S as well so I always remember chan pe's chan pe's okay now these are all the atoms most common in your body C stands for carbon H stands for hydrogen I'm going to use pink from now on because my black markers are sucking so we got carbon hydrogen we've got oxygen we've got nitrogen and we've got phosphorus and then we have sulfur in smaller quantities and these are the most common atoms in your body but we don't just say like oh my skin is made of a nitrogen you don't say that because your skin is a concoction a blend of a lot lot of these atoms and more Blended together in bigger and bigger molecules so when we take two atoms and put them together we can form a molecule okay that's a good definition a molecule is two or more atoms bonded together okay why is that important well once again we're dealing mostly with molecules so for example let's put hydrogen and oxygen together and we're going to have o h and then another h on the other side this is a water molecule we say H2O designating two hydrogen atoms connected to an oxygen atom now you know that these are the atoms right so each hydrogen has protons neutrons electrons each oxygen has protons neutrons electrons but what are these lines right here that's all way I want to focus on why are these bonding together well these guys are called Co Co valent bonds this is going to be our first Bond we talk about Co valent bonds and they are very very common between these atoms of our body so calent bonds are the most common bonds we form between all of Chan P now what are they well Co kind of means like you're con you're together you're sharing something right like in a community you share kind of the same space So Co valent bonds are when atoms are sharing electrons atoms are sharing electrons so in each Bond I want you to think that there is an electron from hydrogen here and there's an electron from oxygen here and they're equally sharing them so it's as if Like Oxygen is one arm reaching out to hydrogen an electron so think of the arm as an electron hydrogen grabbing out another electron and they bond together this is a calent bond two arms two electrons and they're sharing them okay and you know that electrons are flying around the nucleus super fast so we know there's a lot of energy here there's a lot of energy stored in those bonds and as a little uh precursor to talking about enzymes in a little bit not in this video but the next video um there if we break these bonds so say something comes along and breaks them energy is released but if we store energy we make the bonds so when we make bonds and energy stored when we break bonds energy is released and it all comes from those electrons now once again coent bonds when we're sharing electrons between atoms I'm not going to go to the details of why with the octet rule and all that stuff but just know that these atoms like to form calent bonds but that's not the only bond that we form in our body for example we also have certain atoms like sodium like chlorine like potassium that will all like to Bond what we call ionically so I'm going to write ionic bonds and I'm going to Define it first before drawing it an ionic bond is when atoms transfer okay so we're throwing to one atom to another electrons okay so rather than sharing I'm just basically going to be like you can have my electron and you can keep it okay so let's see what happens here in sodium for example so sodium is shortened up as Na and then I'm going to say sodium is going to bond with something called chlorine I'll do it in red chlorine we shorten that atom up as CL now you know this is sodium chloride if they bind together but in reality they are separate atoms forming an ionic bond to form NAC sodium chloride but why does that happen well sodium for one reason or another has an electron out here that it really just wants to get rid rid of for some reason okay it's due to the octet rule but I'm not going to get into the details of it and when sodium realizes that hey chlorine wants that electron okay so just imagine like chlorine really really wants that electron it's just like oh that's the only thing I want in life is your electron sodium's like bro you can have it take it from me so that's what happens sodium gives that electron to chlorine because that satisfies chlorine octet rule and therefore think about it let's say that this sodium was neutral right because all atoms like to be neutral chlorine was also neutral if sodium which is neutral gives away its electron it's negative charge chlorine receives that extra negative charge what charge would sodium then be well if sodium lost a negative one sodium is now positive one right because it lost an electron now it's positive one and chlorine on the other hand just gained an electron so now chlorine is actually a negative one charge and what do you know about opposite charges they attract right so since they basically exchange an electron now we've got positive negative and they will form an ionic bond sodium chloride so that's one example of an ionic bond um and they're most common in like sodium chlorine let me just give you another list of a few potassium is another one that's a k calcium is another one CA and I want you to realize look at this sodium chlorine potassium calcium all of these guys interestingly enough have a specific name they are called electrolytes have you heard of that term before electrolytes these are in like your Gatorades your sports drinks and generally you've learned that they help with cramps and uh if you're getting like a little woozy during a sports event you can drink it it helps you get your electrolytes back up but have you ever broken the word down electrolyte Electro light why that well if you were to look into your bloodstream for example so let's like dive into your bloodstream not in a weird way you would not see sodium written just na you'd actually see sodium written as na plus na a plus you'd see chlorine written as CL minus CL minus you would see potassium although there's very little potassium in your blood as I drew it in this color K plus so look at these These are tiny little atoms and they have a charge associated with it like some sort of electrical charge so we call them Electro the charge light tiny they're tiny charged particles kind of a fun fact but my question to you is I thought sodium chloride formed a bond so why are you Mr Jackson writing them separate in your bloodstream that's what we're going to get into next we need to talk about water which is most of your body and its important in terms of interacting with these different atoms so we're going to first talk about the atoms of the electrolytes because it really helps us understand how water works so let's come back here to water for a bit and I'm going to point out a property of water that is very very important in fact it's the reason you are alive so let's look at water here as I mentioned prior we've got a central oxygen two hydrogens they're sharing electrons between themselves however oxygen is a selfish little son of a gun and the and basically the selfishness of oxygen is the reason you are alive let me let me elaborate on that oxygen is a very very electr negative at at electr negative that basically means it is selfishly hogging electrons really close to itself so although I said hydrogen and oxygen are kind of sharing those electrons If This Were oxygen oxygen would pull hydrogen's electron a little bit closer to Oxygen's own body essentially so if we're pulling these electrons every so slightly closer to the oxygen what does that make the oxygen slightly well it makes the oxygen slightly negative we designate that by a Theta minus Theta minus so it's slightly negative it's not a full negative but it's slightly negative okay now if we're holding the electrons close to the oxygen well the hydrogen's now are losing out on some of that electron negativity essentially right so the hydrogens will actually be slightly positive slightly positive okay so why is this important why are we talking about these electrons just slightly sharing towards or being closer to the oxygen well this once again is the reason you are alive if we have that water molecule and you have many many many water molecules in your body in fact about 60% of your body is water we will see this we'll see all the water molecules orienting themselves like this okay you see how I'm drawing these I am drawing all the waters in a particular Arrangement you notice all of the hydrogens of one water molecule and the oxygens of the other are closer together you see that you see that you see that what this creates is a slight intermolecular Bond a a weak between molecule Bond called a hydrogen bond this is not a calent this is not an ionic bond this is a weak intermolecular Bond called a hydrogen bond this gives water a variety of different properties like its cohesiveness its adhesiveness um the capillary action where it basically sticks to itself um it also gives it a very high specific heat so you you can heat water up and it really doesn't lose its liquid very much until eventually it boils so it gives water a variety of different properties because of these hydrogen bonds now that's going to be important in terms of like DNA replication uh in enzyme action that type of thing but we're just going to point them out say they're hydrogen bonds they're weak intermolecular bonds and move on but what I wanted to relate these two is these electrolytes for example if you drink Gatorade you get sodium and chloride a salt into you when that happens you know that sodium and chloride are normally Bond bonded together right but once they enter the water molecule what do you think they're going to do so once this molecule enters into an environment that is liquid well we know that sodium is positive that's the reason it bonded together chlorine was negative that's the reason it bonded with sodium so the sodium will go and hang out where it'll likely hang out a little more towards the oxygen and the chlorine will go and hang out near the hydrogen why because we know hydrogen is slightly positive chlorine is negative so they like to hang out together sodium positive oxygen slightly Negative they like to hang out together so we're seeing this sodium chloride break apart into their individual ions do you know what that's called to break apart into their individual ions you've heard of it before it's called to dissolve these are dissolving in water because once again oxygen pulls those electrons separates out the charge and now we can dissolve these things into their respective ions and that's why they're called electrolytes brilliant right okay so now that we know that we can dissolve stuff really well in water we know that water because it can dissolve so well is called a polar molecule it is a polar molecule that's actually a polar solvent let me continue on this thought here water is the universal polar solvent let's look at the word polar it's got a separation of charge okay like the North and South Pole they've got a separation of electromagnetic charge the Earth is Big magnet so too the water molecule has these poles to them and it's a solvent that means it dissolves things really well and you've seen that before right you put salt in water you shake it up and the salt like disappears right no it doesn't disappear it dissolves okay so any poar thing any polar molecule will be able to dissolve in water let me give you a list of those polar things for example okay we know electrolytes are also going to be able to be dissolved in this this water we know that the macro molecules like proteins like carbs carbohydrates as well as nucleic acids will all be able to dissolve in water in a variety of different things okay water is the universal polar solvent that being said and we're going to kind of get into the details of this now implications for cell transport water can dissolve these things well because these things are also polar they also have a separation of charge within themselves okay so like electrolytes for example right we said that sodium chloride were basically positive and negative charge they were polar to make the molecule so therefore they dissolve well in water but there are other things in your body that are not polar that are not having a separation of charge so let me talk about some non-polar things so that we can contrast it to how it will interact with water and if this has been helpful so far and you haven't already go ahead and subscribe to this Channel and like the video it helps me a lot so now let's talk about nonpolar things nonpolar molecules okay if we look at the word nonan or the prefix nonan it means not obviously polar so these molecules have no separation of charge within themselves so therefore let's look at a molecule like oxygen O2 this is an oxygen molecule a gas we see two calent bonds and two oxygen atoms bound together now because they're equally strong equally tugging at those electrons there's no electro negativity like it was in the ox in the oxygen of the water right there's no electr negativity there so therefore it is nonpolar furthermore if we look at long chains of carbons and hydrogen so for example we've got a fatty acid chain like this but it's got a lot of carbons and then hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen bunch of coent bonds this is actually a lipid a lipid is made of primarily hydrogens and very few carbons so we call it a hydrocarbon tail and within all of the hydrogens and carbons and all that stuff I actually drew that wrong a lot of the times it's actually let me draw that again it's mostly long carbon chains sorry about that long carbon chains that have hydrogens attached to them okay and this is going to be a type of fat all right so with that there's no separation of charge once again carbon's equally pulling the electrons there's coent bonds between them but we don't have that separation of charge like we did in the polar so we call lipids and we call gases Like Oxygen and CO2 nonpolar okay that might not make sense to you fully but just know the categories know the categories we remember that polar things will dissolve in water what do you think non-polar things will do or not do nonpolar molecules do not dissolve well in water do not dissolve well in water that is so important that is so important now some can very little amounts can but not much okay so let's make this an example let's take an example from this so uh let's look at for example a typical cell okay so we're going to look at a cell and we're going to get into the details of this a little later in cell transport and you can watch that later on but let's say we have a cell here and then we've got the bloodstream coursing below it okay so here's the bloodstream let's say Obviously the intracellular environment is mostly made of water blood's mostly made of water and we have oxygen in here O2 we'll draw it right here O2 O2 O2 we know that oxygen needs to get inside of the cells in order to feed the cells properly now only small amounts of oxygen can actually dissolve directly into the fluid of the blood it'll actually be attached to a protein that's besides the point let's just look at how it moves so although I'm just assuming oxygen is present in this fluid of the blood I want to focus primarily on these little barriers here these barriers are cell membranes in cell membranes are actually made of lipids so we've got oxygen partially dissolved right it doesn't dissolve well in water but we've got fatty barriers between basically blood vessels and cell however I didn't teach you one thing non-polar molecules dissolve through other non-polar things dissolve through other nonpolar things so basically we say like dissolves like polar dissolves polar non-polar dissolves non-polar so if these are made of fat guess what oxygen can pass right through and get into the cell pass right through and get into the cell because we're dissolving through the fatty membrane however what's interesting is later on we're going to talk about carbohydrates like glucose these big molecules that are polar they dissolve really well in the fluid of the bloodstream like this but they actually cannot pass through this barrier they can't pass through the barrier so if there's a barrier there glucose can't get past the fatty membrane uh oh we can't feed the cells glucose what are we going to do we'll talk about that in later things there going to be some transport proteins to allow them through but anyway this is just an introduction to cell transport and how they relate to polar and non-polar interactions now let's move forward into our macro molecules I've alluded to them before with the nucleic acid acids carbs proteins and now lipids but let's talk about kind of their importance their functions as well as what they are made of all right so this is the last thing that we're going to talk about for this video so hopefully it's been helpful so far and hopefully it's it's a uh demystifying chemistry right I don't want this to be difficult I want it to be very accessible all right okay so I've made this little chart here the macromolecule atom prefix monomer polymer function I would recreate that on a piece of paper if you're taking notes real quick the macr Ule we're going to start with is carbohydrates okay carbohydrates and I love these guys not just because they're sugary and sweet uh but because in the name carbohydrate it tells you basically what it's made of so if we look at carbo refers to carbon hydrate means to get water so this is literally made of carbon and water being H and O So if you were to look at a carbohydrate a lot of the times they are shaped in like a hexagon or pentagonal pattern and they'll primarily be made of a bunch of carbons like this they'll be made of some oxygens like this and they'll also be made of some hydrogens like this so in fact I'm drawing a little bit of glucose here so that would be a molecule a carbohydrate of glucose now the prefix suffixes so I'm big into atmology so why words are um like worded the right way or why they're spelled a certain way and so in anytime you see a specific prefix it's going to alert you that it's a carbohydrate so the prefixes like gly glue or suffixes like o are very common um roots that will tell you that this thing is a carbohydrate so for example one polymer we'll talk about later on oh sorry I forgot one more if it ends in saccharide that will also be a common one so for example a monomer a base unit a single unit of a carbohydrate would be glucose a polymer could be something called glycogen okay so how did you know that they're carbohydrates look at the prefix and suffixes all right now for functions of these guys it's primarily for energy storage and usage so for example energy storage is actually glycogen if you eat a lot of carbohydrates you can store those carbohydrates those excess base units as glycogen these stored carbohydrates in your liver whereas glucose is primarily for energy usage you can break down glucose and make ATP from it brilliant however there's also other functions of carbohydrates like on your cells there will be these little ID tags called glycoproteins so those glycoproteins will be used to basically identify what a cell is brilliant I'm going to stick with that for now obviously there's a lot more that we can talk about with carbs but we'll go with that first now now before I move on to proteins I want to highlight a little more about these monomers versus polymers okay so I had a molecule of glucose here right I'm going to just draw that as a hexagon and we see that that glucose is just an individual unit think of it as an as like an individual bead in a long um bracelet that you're going to make from a friend right however if you put those beads together you can form long chains of beads right so so we're bonding these molecules together to form these long chains of beads that calls it a polymer right so monomer individual one unit poly means many units so we have these different organizations of single units and large units chain together brilliant moving on next we're going to talk about will be proteins probably the most important Macro Molecule in my opinion so proteins the atoms in proteins will be C h o and n primarily there might be some s's there might be some other um U Metals in them interestingly enough but those will be the main ones now the prefixes and suffixes are pretty obvious they start in Pro generally or they can also begin with pept OR pep they can end in in that's going to be the most common one you see uh and you might also see it end in say like Amino or amino sorry or amino something like that um and sometimes they'll actually end in Ace and that means that is an enzyme so a specific protein that will deal with um doing chemical reactions in your body okay so a lot of different prefixes suffixes for proteins really focus in on that in and the monomer for proteins are called amino acids amino acids so these are 20 different base units of proteins that you need in your body in order to produce those proteins you get them from your diet and if you chain them together and you put together a lot of different amino acids you will get something called a polypeptide polypeptide meaning many chains of proteins just means a protein okay so moving on functions of proteins I could go on forever uh goodness sakes they catalyze chemical reactions uh so the enzymes catalyze chemical reactions they build cells and basically the rest of your body we generally just say that the proteins are the structure and function of virtually every single cell of your body and every part of your body in reality now with proteins I want you to know that they are very very very specific in shape very specific in shape so therefore you know they're going to be very specific in function all right so proteins very very important I keep saying very and I hear it so we're going to move on very quickly uh I'm looking back on carbohydrates you may have also heard of like um maltose glucose um you might have also heard of like lactose and that type of thing so these are a variety of different carbohydrates as well we're not going to touch on them too much uh you can look through the Powerpoints if you're in a class to look at those individual ones I'm just giving you an overview let's move on into if I can grab my marker lipids lipids otherwise known as fats if you look at lipids the atoms will be CH and O so you notice they're about the same as the carbohydrates but there will be a lot less o less oxygen in uh lipids okay so you'll see a lot more C's and H's versus um carbohydrates will have a lot of O's okay so what are some prefix suffixes you're going to see lip or lipo so like lipo suction would be a common one if it ever ends in fatty acid it's also a lipid if it ends in whoops sorry about that it ends an o or own also a common ones or oid that's the last one I want to write down so you might have actually heard of some of these before if you've heard of cholesterol before right or estradiol these are all lipids monomer of lipids and Polymers of lipids there actually aren't uh defined monomers and Polymers of lipids if anything they're going to be a chains of triglycerides so you might hear triglycerides which actually has a little carbohydrate component in it and you also might just hear in general fatty acids like omega3 or six fatty acids but I'm not going to make a big deal about doing monomers and polymers for these guys okay functions of these uh basically energy storage just like carbohydrates so we're just going to write energy storage and usage so you can use fats for energy you can store fats for energy as maybe some of you are bothered by right because fat likes to kind of cling to you it's basically just storing extra energy um but it's also to build cell membranes so building cell membranes we mentioned that earlier the cells outside is made of a membrane um and then lastly hormones so steroid hormones I mentioned estradi earlier testosterone these are all made from fat derivatives and you can actually say proteins also have some peptide hormones these are chemical Messengers in your blood that change cell functions we'll talk about that in the endocrine system later on but a variety of different functions last but not least we've got our nucleic acids nucleic acids are handy dandy DNA and everything so nucleic acids these are made of all Chan p and this is what I like to point out that look at the atoms represented if you are made of mostly macro molecules building your cells building your body it's going to be made of those five common atoms that are in your body makes sense right now this is made of Chan P the prefixes and suffixes there's just one it's going to end in nucleic acid pretty easy so you're going to see a lot of like na at the end of these words all right so RNA DNA Mna that type of thing these have very defined monomers and polymers the monomers will be nucleotides nucleotides nucleotides have a few different components to them they will have a phosphate group they will have a sugar I'll just write s and then they will have a nitrogenous base or a nitrogen base and that nitrogen base is going to be very important to code for genetic information that nitrogen base can be either adenine thymine cytosine or guanine so those are the nucleotides individual units the nitrogen base can be a TG or C the polymers will be DNA RNA other types of RNA like rrna or micro RNA or mRNA and then also interestingly enough ATP remember me drawing that earlier it had a phosphate and it had an adenine base essentially so that's a nucleic acid but we're primarily going to focus on these two guys these are all about storing genetic information storing genetic information and if we look at the word genetic Gene is the prefix there that basically means a DNA segment that codes for a protein so your DNA inside the nucleus of your cell is going to store all this information inside of itself it's eventually going to produce a protein which is the structure and function of your body so it's so fascinating that your cells have this basically blueprint to use from these nitrogen bases these chemical information to then produce a protein the structure and function of your body so that's macro molecules in a nutshell this has been chemistry overview forp now I didn't go into pH I didn't go into enzymes but I have a lot more on this channel that will help you learn about those things I hope this was helpful and thank you for watching