The Siege of the Grand Mosque in Mecca - 1979

Introduction

• In 1979, a group of militants took over the Grand Mosque in Mecca.
• This event fundamentally transformed Saudi Arabia and had global implications.

Global Context

• The year 1979 was significant for the Muslim world:
  • Revolution in Iran.
  • Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.

The Siege

• Group Involved:
  • Known as Aljama Al Salafia Alut (JSM).
  • Led by a figure claiming to be the Mahdi, a prophesied Islamic figure.
• Objectives:
  • Declare the arrival of the Mahdi.
  • Overthrow the Saudi government.
• Execution of the Siege:
  • Began on November 20.
  • Weapons were concealed and smuggled into the mosque prior to the attack.
  • Gates were chained, trapping thousands inside.

Key Figures

• Jiman Ali:
  • Mastermind of the siege.
  • Influenced by his grandfather Sultan bin Bajad Ali.
  • Advocated for a return to traditional Islam.
• Muhammad Abdullah Al Katani:
  • Believed to be the Mahdi.
  • His resemblance to the Mahdi as described in Islamic Hadith attracted followers.

International Reaction and Saudi Response

• Confusion and outrage in the Muslim world.
• Blame was shifted internationally, notably between the U.S. and Iran.
• Use of French aid and tear gas was eventually authorized.
• Fatwa allowed for military action within the mosque.

Resolution

• Saudi Military Action:
  • French GIGN officers were involved in the planning.
  • Drilled and used tear gas to force rebels out.
• Aftermath:
  • Many hostages and JSM members died.
  • Remaining rebels surrendered.
  • Leaders were secretly tried and publicly executed.

Impact on Saudi Arabia

• Shift towards more conservative Islam:
  • Increased gender segregation.
  • Women removed from media.
  • Entertainment outlets were closed.
  • Educational curricula revised.
• Reflection of a deeper realization within the Saudi leadership.

Conclusion

• The siege contributed to a transformation in Saudi society, aligning with some of JSM's goals inadvertently.
• A pivotal moment in Saudi history that still has ramifications today.

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