Lecture Notes: History and Development of Indonesia

Introduction

• Indonesia is globally recognized primarily for Bali, an exotic vacation destination.
• However, Indonesia consists of several islands each with a rich historical background.

Ancient History

• Modern human activity in Indonesia dates back approximately 40,000 years, potentially underestimated.
• Archaeological evidence suggests human ancestors may have been present 1.9 million years ago.

Early Civilizations

• Around 400 BC, Indian trade goods and inscriptions in West Java and Eastern Kalimantan indicate sophisticated civilizations.
• Trade with India and China introduced Buddhism and Hinduism to the region.

The Sri Vijaya Empire (7th Century)

• Originated from Sumatra, flourished through trade from the Malay Peninsula to Java.
• Decline began after the Kola Empire of India seized Palumbang in 1025, leading to its collapse.

The Majapahit Empire (1292 - 1389)

• Founded in 1292, it dominated the Indonesian region through trade.
• Declined after the deaths of leaders Gaja Mada (1364) and King Hayam (1389).

Introduction of Islam

• Islamic faith spread throughout the archipelago, with numerous sultanates rising.

European Colonial Influence

• 16th century: Arrival of Portuguese and Spanish, attracted by spice trade.
• Portuguese captured Malacca in 1511.
• Dutch East India Company (VOC) formed in 1595 to dominate trade, leading to colonial control.

Dutch Colonization

• Dutch East India Company transitioned from trade to colonial power, establishing control over Java and surrounding areas.
• The Dutch East Indies established in 1800 after the Dutch East India Company collapsed.

Colonial Agriculture and Reforms

• Local farmers were forced to set aside 20% of their land for Dutch cash crops.
• Adoption of a free-market system and establishment of private plantations.
• Introduction of the Ethical Policy in the 20th century to improve local welfare, including new schools and government reforms.

Independence Movements

• Japanese occupation during WWII initially seen favorably by Indonesians.
• Japanese support for Indonesian nationalist movements led to the proclamation of independence on August 17, 1945.
• Post-WWII clashes with British and Dutch forces until Dutch recognition of independence in 1949.

Post-Independence Developments

• Transition from parliamentary democracy to guided democracy under President Sukarno in 1957.
• Dictatorship under General Suharto in 1966.
• Return to democracy in 1999, with the current president being Joko Widodo as of 2020.

Conclusion

• Indonesia continues to grow as an independent nation with a population of approximately 273 million as of 2020.