foreign welcome back to my educational channel on biology I'm teacher Janet and in this chapter chapter 8 biodiversity we are going to discuss 8.1 the classification system and naming of organisms so this is the first video part 1 and there will be a part two and part two now our beautiful Earth is inhabited by a diverse array of organisms span from the microscopic creatures like algae is shown here and bacteria to the huge creatures like the rhinoceros and the blue whale and not forgetting the house cats and also insects and we also have plants living on Earth so do you know that in spite of the numerous types of organisms scientists have managed to systematically categorize them all into the various groups based on similar features it's also an achievement to be able to give each and every known organism a name consisting of two words whether they are microscopic bacteria or gigantic plants or even the ancient dinosaurs let's find out more about the classification system and the naming of organisms and how they are done the learning standards for this lesson are as follows firstly we should be able to explain the necessity of the classification system and the naming of organisms secondly we should be able to describe the hierarchical classification of organisms into six kingdoms archaebacteria Eubacteria protista fungi Plante and Animalia these are the six kingdoms now lastly but this will be in the second video we'll describe the main features of organisms in each kingdom so what's the name of this organism shown here and what's its Kingdom so let's find out more thirdly let's discuss the necessity of the classification system the importance of having a classification system and the naming of organisms in form two we have studied a bit about biodiversity so the definition for biodiversity is that it is the variety of living organisms such as microorganisms animals and plants that interact with each other on Earth so our Earth is filled with a lot of different types of organisms from the minute and Tiny microorganisms to the large organisms right now how are these organisms categorized a name so taxonomy is a field in biology which involves the classification of organisms identification of organisms and the naming of organisms in an organized manner take for example our popular house cats or domestic cat as compared to wild cats that live in the wild so the house cats has been classified under the kingdom in the kingdom Animalia and it is also classified in class mammalia right so what how do we identify the cat so we have to know its characteristics like it has four legs it has fur on its body it gives birth to life Young and it is warm-blooded and so forth right so through the characteristics we will be able to identify the house cat and we also have given the house cat a name a scientific name all right so the scientific name is done is given so that uh there is a genus and a species involved so this naming of organisms is done in an organized manner so what's the name the scientific name for the house cat right the domestic cat so Phyllis is the genus and caters is the species now that's how the taxonomy how taxonomy has helped to categorize organisms and also uh name them now careless lineus is the scientist who created a system to name and classify organisms that are still used today that's how we get Philly status for the domestic cat right which is the name for the domestic cat so careless linears is called the father of taxonomy taxonomy here means something to do with classification the father of classification of organisms now taxonomy strives to manage information and data which has been collected using a systematic and methodical approach to elucidate that means to make something clear to the scientific community so what is made clear is that the information about each organism all right about the characteristics of the organism and its classification so why is classification and naming of organisms important all organisms need to be scientifically classified based on defining features or characteristics in a systematic manner in order to facilitate or to make easy the studies and discussions among scientists at the international level prinka and tarabangsa so when when a scientist from Malaysia goes to the International Conference you'll meet scientists from other countries let's say he wants to refer to the Bunga Raya you cannot just say bungaraya because other scientists may not understand what he's saying okay they they know other languages for example a scientist from Hawaii will refer to the bungaraya is another in another with another name right so now we know that the scientific name for Bunga Raya or the national flower of Malaysia is hibiscus Rosa sentences so this is the name that is used for this plant at the international level during discussions among the scientists okay right so let's come back to our house cats right so do you know that the house cat has been classified as follows its kingdom is Animalia right it's final this is a smaller group phylum is a smaller group than kingdom the phylum is called means that it means that it belongs to the vertebrate group not the invertebrate invertebrate group okay class mammalia is a mammal order Carnivora that means it's a carnivore it eats meat or other animals family Valley day which includes the big cats like the lion tiger and Puma now stainless is release and the species is Skaters right so do you know that the house cat is the smallest member of the family validate and it's also the domestic uh member cat that is uh can be found in households and is able to live in homes and interact with the family so the taxonomic classification system involves three aspects and the acronym is seen as in Cinderella the C is for classification is for identification and n is for naming now first declassification organisms are categorized based on the physical features in a taxonomic hierarchy system for example yeast is categorized as belonging to kingdom fungi because it has cell wall the cell wall made of chitin just like the other members of the kingdom kingdom funky So based on the yeast physical features like the cell wall the structure of the cell then these few organisms are grouped together to be in the Kingdom family together with these because they all have the cell wall made of kaiti right now identification organisms identified using a dichotomous key which consists of a series of path statements called couplets for example this is a couplet here two statements that are contrasting okay so based on contrasting characteristics in a group of organisms thus providing a step-by-step guide toward identify each organic organism so usually if there are like three organisms and let's say the ends the fish and an earthwormer is group together so how do we identify which organism by using a dichotomous key the word dichotomous means a contrast between two things so there are two opposing statements here now firstly we can state that if the organism has legs it is an end okay so the end has six legs and the fish and the womb does not have any legs next so the second statement in the couple is does not have legs go to two so when you go to number two it will be another couplet or pet statement that are contrasting all right for example have skills has skills and has no skills so her skills the fish and then has no skills go to three or is the word straight away let's go right now naming so organizations are named using a binomial normal clutches system so the common hibiscus plant is named hibiscus Rosa synthesis this is the scientific name for the hibiscus plant so every organism is named by using the name of the genus of the organism and species the name of the species we will find out more about identification and naming in the coming topics now the classification of organisms all organisms in the world can be categorized into six kingdoms which are archaebacterial Eubacteria protista fungi Plante bacteria is the most primitive and also the most ancient type of organism and by primitive we mean that it has a simpler structure right at the cellular level and coming down going down until Animalia it gets more and more complex the cells become more and more complex right so what's the memory tip to remember this these six kingdoms King Papa had fun in Europe King stands for Kingdom so this uh acronym is about the kingdoms right the kingdoms of life then Papa P is for plant a a for Animalia and other people protista another a for arcade bacteria fun stands for fungi and Europe stands for the U stands for bacteria simple right King Papa had found in Europe so think of the children of the king children the king called their father chin Papa right had fun in Europe maybe the king went skiing in the mountains right and he had a lot of fun uh playing the spot or getting involved in the spot so these are the six kingdoms of Life kingdom Animalia made up of all the animals that usually can move right most of them can move then Kingdom plantae consists of the plants which are quite Advanced the tissues are quite advanced and then we have fungi kingdom fungi consists of all the uh mushrooms yeast and so forth a right that cannot carry out photosynthesis because they don't have chlorophyll and then we have Kingdom Protista which consists of the proto-zoa the Single Cell organisms that are animal-like they can move and some of them look uh have the characteristics of animals but they are not animals because they are not so Advanced as kingdom Animalia okay so if the protozoa and the algae in this Kingdom Protista so algae are the green organisms that have chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis now Eubacteria okay is the premium is one of the simple forms of life there are single celled or unicellular but they can join together to form a chain or a group of cells right and they have different shapes now next is the last one is RK bacteria which are more primitive than Eubacteria and they have uh not they have simpler structures all right so they are different from Eubacteria because the cell walls do not contain a compound okay called peptidoglycan whereas Eubacteria has cell walls that are made up of peptidoglycan we'll talk about that later okay but other than that okay bacteria may have some some of them have shapes that are a bit similar to the Eubacteria so we'll be discussing the differences among acne bacteria and new bacteria in our next video right and also the characteristics of all the different kingdoms a classification of organisms how was it done so the organisms are classified into the various kingdoms based on the type of cell whether it's prokaryote or a eukaryotic organism we'll discuss that later the number of cells whether the organism has only one cell or is made up of many cells or more than one cell and then that type of nutrition are the autotrophs that can produce or synthesize their own organic food substances or the heterotrophs okay that depend on other organisms to obtain nutrients and food and they cannot synthesize their own organic food substances firstly let's discuss these two terms prokaryote and eukaryotes what is a prokaryote the word Pro means before and Cairo has to do with a nucleus for example cardio Kinesis is the division of nucleus as we've studied in the topic of mitosis and meiosis all right so uh prokaryote prokaryotes are cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus which we call the true nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles okay so I'll come to that later now we'll look at the examples examples are the bacteria such as archaebacteria it is a kingdom or office a group of so-called ancient bacteria such as sulfurlubus species and eobacteria are the true bacteria examples are vibrocolorary that causes cholera so bacteria in general which are single-celled organisms that are more simple in structure okay not so Advanced compared to other organisms they have the new the condition where the cells are prokaryotic or they are prokaryotes okay so for example this is a bacterial cell it has an outer capsule and then the secondly is the cell wall and the thirdly is the plasma membrane and inside here is the cytoplasm and there are ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm the ribosomes are not membrane bound they don't have a membrane surrounding them okay they're just made up of the subunits so the functions do produce proteins okay for the bacteria then we have the D and a in the nuclei so nuclei is an area that contains the DNA but as you can observe it has no nuclear membrane surrounding the DNA is floating in the nucleot here all right so bacteria do not have nuclear membrane surrounding the DNA so we don't call this a nucleus all right it's just DNA in the nucleot so the nuclear is the space or area that contains the DNA we cannot label this as a nucleus because a nucleus must have a membrane surrounding it that is called the nuclear membrane as seen in this picture of the eukaryotic cell okay so prokaryotes are cells that lack the membrane-bound nucleus as you can see here there is no membrane surrounding the DNA so we cannot call this a nucleus so this type of cell lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and furthermore it does not have membrane and closed organelles such as grass endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus mitochondrion and so forth okay so let's go on to eukaryotes so you means true the word EU means true means nucleus so true nucleus that means eukaryotes are cells or contain cells that have the true nucleus the nucleus with the nuclear membrane okay the nucleus with the nuclear membrane that's what we call a nucleus so eukaryotes are cells that or eukaryotes have cells that has a membrane-bound nucleus and also membrane enclosed organelles such as the mitochondrial lysosome Goji apparatus vacuole and endoplasmic reticle as you can see here so this is an eukaryotic cell inside we can see the uh DNA in the nucleus and the nucleus is enclosed in the nuclear membrane so this is this can be labeled this organelle can be labeled the nucleus it has a membrane surrounding it which is the nuclear membrane okay so this type of nucleus the nucleus is only found in the eukaryotic cells or the eukaryotes and this type of cell is more advanced than the prokaryotic cell that's found in prokaryotes now what about membrane enclosed organelles now you can see here the rough endoplasmic reticulum the Golgi apparatus mitochondria they're all bounded by a membrane the outer line here is the membrane okay now the white line here is the membrane and for mitochondrion it has the inner and outer membrane double membranes and so does the can limit another organelle with double membrane yes the chloroplast has an inner and an outer and inner membrane alternate inner membrane lysosome as a single membrane okay and closing it now ribosome is different our ribosome is not a membrane enclosed organelle okay so ribosome is found in bacteria too okay and also in the eukaryotes now examples of eukaryotes or eukaryotic cells are as found in algae protozoa fungi animals and plants so these are all more advanced in this in their structures compared to bacteria which are prokaryotes okay examples of algae are clamidomona species a unicellular algae protozoa a single-celled organism such as a paramecium they are eukaryotes compact to bacteria which are prokaryotes fungi now this single cell fungi is here is a yeast right then animals and plants are multicellular and every one of the cells are eukaryotic cells so here's a 2d picture showing you all the organelles in the eukaryotic cell now where are the membrane-bound organelles so the nucleus is the first membrane-bound organelles organelle it has a nuclear membrane as you can see here all right so this is a membrane bound organelle the nucleus is only found in eukaryotic cells okay and for prokaryotic cells they do not have nuclear membrane so they don't have a nucleus right and the DNA is just so found in the nucleot the region called the nucleus for prokaryotic cells apart from that we have the membrane-bound organelles such as the Golgi apparatus all right as soon you can see the membrane is the black line here and then the mitochondrion which has double membranes the inner Inn and outer membrane and then lysosome rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum and vacuums all these have membrane surrounding them all right now only the ribosomes and the centrals here are not bound by the membranes all right so if you were to enlarge this structure of the ribosome it's actually made up of two subunits that's all but it's not surrounded by membrane so let's discuss this pair of terms autotroph and heterotroph what's the difference Auto means self and trough has something to do with feeding the feeding of the organism so an autotroph is a self-feeder that means it can synthesize its own food its own organic compounds from inorganic substances by using light energy through photosynthesis or by using chemical energy through chemosynthesis right for green plants as shown here they contain chlorophyll to absorb sunlight and they use it to produce the organic food substances through photosynthesis right and they use carbon dioxide and water as the substrates to produce the organic food compounds that is needed by them for growth development and growth and we also have algae so there are two types of algae the unicellular algae like this one shown here which has a U-shaped chloroplast this is chlamydomonas all right and then multicellular algae are the seaweeds growing at the bottom of the sea they have also got the chlorophyll to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis okay but they are not some of them not plants I mean some of the seaweeds growing on in the sea that they are not they are plants and mosa are the algae right so phytoplankton in the sea are tiny algae cells mostly unicellular cells which can also carry out photosynthesis okay they also green in color so this is an important producer in the seeds actually tiny algae cells right that can carry out photosynthesis so for land plants they also are the producers in the food chains now apart from plants and algae some bacteria like the cyanobacteria also contain chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis right and then apart from that there are some other bacteria that carry out chemo synthesis using chemical energy from chemical reactions to synthesize their food right then how about heterotrophs heterotrophs are different okay that's why we have the word thorough means different or other and trough is again the feeder here so different feeder different from the cell feeder different from the autotrophs so and a heterotroph is an organism that cannot synthesize its own good but it obtains the food molecules or the nutrients by eating other organisms okay so the most common example are the animals right that's either eat plants or they can they may eat other animals get an example now apart from that we have most bacteria as that uh heterotrophs most bacteria are heterotrophs so for bacteria there are few ways that they are heterotrophs okay some bacteria they are parasites they live in the bodies of living organisms and cause disease right but they obtain the nutrients from the host okay from the host so this one type bacteria and the other bacteria decomposes food or whey substances or other substances so when they decompose the organic substances they get their energy from there okay but they cannot synthesize their own food for photosynthesis or chemosynthesis now most protozoa are heterotrophs except for euglena right euglena has a chloroplast and it can carry out photosynthesis so euglena is a self-feeder I said autotroph it's a it's a sort of it's an unusual example okay but most protozoa amiibar here are heterotrophs fungi all fungi are heterotrophs because they don't have chloro fill to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis okay they don't have chlorophyll you don't see the like something like a green fungia with chlorophyll in it right so all fungi are heterotrophs lastly the term unicellular and multicellular what is the difference between these two terms unicellular organisms consist of only one cell examples are archaebacteria Eubacteria protozoa okay protozoa means one cell animal-like organism some algae and some fungi right so all bacteria are unicellular okay bacteria and Eubacteria they're all unicellular protozoa for example amoeba paramecium euclina they are unicellular now some algae that are microscopic are unicellular all right as opposed or in contrast to the seaweeds that live in the ocean right so uh this algae is actually chlamydomonas and it is a unicellular type of algae okay then the algaea that forms the phytoplankton in the sea upon which we call the green scum okay it's green color but the cells are very tiny and they are unicellular unicellular okay which are the phytoplankton which form the phytoplankton now some funky are unicellular the common example is yeast so yeast is a unicellular organism that can produce new buds that separate from it okay but it's a unicellular organism but anticellular multicellular organism consists of more than one cell for example some types of algae that form structures like seaweeds okay they are like seaweeds on the ocean floor or in the ponds so they have leaf-like structures like this which we call the talus but they are not so complex in structure as the plant leaves all right so that's why algae are simpler in structure compared with plants and then some fungi are multicellular for example mushrooms and bread mold called the mucos which is they're all multicellular consisting of more than one cell then put all plants and all animals are multicellular so these are some notes for the definition of the terms that we are starting here prokaryote and eukaryote which we have already discussed you can jot this down if you want and here we see the prokaryotic cells on the the DNA is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane okay so they are prokaryotic and this is more primitive not so Advanced compared to eukaryotic cells they have a nuclear membrane and surrounding the DNA so this whole thing forms the nucleus then autotroph and heterotroph okay as we've discussed just now autotrophic organisms that can synthesize their own food from simple inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and water by using light energy through photosynthesis or chemical energy through chemosynthesis whereas heterotrophs are organisms that cannot synthesize their own food but obtain food molecules by eating other organisms right or they may be like parasites that live on the board in the bodies of organisms and absorb the food from the organisms from The Host then unicellular and multicellular organisms have been discussed so all bacteria either archaebacteria or eobacteria they are all unicellular okay is a unicellular organism and also some fungi like is unicellular okay so here's an overview of how organisms are classified based on three characteristics of the organisms which are the type of cells the number of cells and type of nutrition now for type of cells we have to consider whether they are prokaryotes or eukaryotes right and as you have defined the type of cell which is a prokaryote it lacks a membrane-bound nucleus a membrane and close arguments examples are archaebacteria and Eubacteria all right they don't have a membrane surrounding the DNA now eukaryotes they have a membrane-bound nucleus where the nucleus the outermost layer of the nucleus is the nuclear membrane and they have membrane enclosed organelles like mitochondria unicellular organisms are single-celled organisms and multicellular organisms have more than one cell now autotroph means an organism that can synthesize its own food from inorganic materials by using light energy or chemical energy and natural drops are organisms that cannot synthesize their own food but obtain the food molecules or nutrients by eating other organisms now since this chart is an overview of what we have discussed earlier in the previous slides it's up to you whether you want to copy it down because the definitions are repeated here right but it will help you to remember the facts better so finally we come to this table which shows us the six kingdoms of organisms that live on planet Earth and also what their characteristics are like now for archaebacteria and eobacteria they have these similarities both are prokaryotes both are unicellular organisms and both are autotrophs or heterotrophs very similar the difference the main difference is that Eubacteria has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan and archaebacteria does not so we are going to come to that in the next video now you must know examples of archaebacteria and eobacteria archaebacteria are sometimes called the ancient bacteria because they exist before the Eubacteria right the Primitive bacteria okay bacteria are primitive or ancient bacteria examples are sulfillable species which are self-oxidizing bacteria whereas Eubacteria the true bacteria one example is salmonella species which causes food poisoning and diarrhea okay so this is a bacteria that causes disease now protista there are eukaryotes that means they have the membrane-bound nucleus and membrane and close organelles right so there are unicellular or multicellular now the unicellular organisms in Kingdom Protista are the protozoa and some algae some types of algae and then the multicellular organisms in Kingdom Protista are the big algae right that live in the Cedar Marine algae that uh forms the seaweed we call them some we call them seaweed all right but some seaweed are actually plants okay some seaweeds they may be plants but some are algae so autotroph or heterotroph yeah either autotroph like algae all autotrophs or they may be heterotrophs like amoeba species right then fungi fungi are the organisms in this kingdom are all eukaryotes unicellular multicellular heterotrophs example is mycena hematopus we'll talk more about these organisms in the next video right then the last two that's the two most advanced organisms are found in Kingdom plantae and Kingdom Animalia so both are eukaryotes both are multicellular but plants are autotrophs exception can you give me one exception of a plant that's not an autotroph one yes it's the parasite parasitic plan code reflissier species all right which we have studied in another topic so that is an exception okay of a plant that's not an autotroph it's a parasite refinishes species is a parasite now example of a plant which is an autotroph is Coleus glooming so this plant is a decorative plant right and it has a chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis now let's go on to Animalia they are all literal troughs all right now example is alcido at is the common Kingfisher so one more point to note is that in the textbook in one part on this picture it mentions that animals that are unicellular animals but elsewhere they write the animals are multicellular so I will stick to this fact that animals are multicellular if you want to look for unicellular animal-like organisms it will be the protozoa but amoeba and paramecium so that's all for this lesson thanks for watching and stay tuned for the next video we should be on the six kingdoms and their characteristics I will also give you a useful acronym to remember the names of the 16 books so if you found this video interesting and useful please do share like And subscribe to my channel till then take care and all the best to you goodbye for now [Music]