now for all of you history fans we're going to talk a little bit about the history of Social Work and as again as we continue to lay the foundation for this profession it's important to look back at the history of how this profession got started social work is still a relatively young profession compared to some other professions and we will talk about how it got to start even before it was called social work will that will you'll be introduced to some individuals who began doing social work related activities again before it was officially a social work social work was a profession and and also some of the other aspects of our history that contributed to the profession we really can't talk about social work without talking about the social welfare system because rooted within the social welfare system is social work and a lot of the social workers are doing social welfare activities and implementing social welfare programs so ultimately social workers what we do is what is meant what social welfare is meant to do we address the needs of society we promote the well-being of people within our communities within our state within the nation and around the world and so oftentimes as we would see the development of social welfare services in our history as we'll look at in a little bit we would see social workers implementing many of these programs that would be established social welfare policy emerged out of necessity and of course through the development of policy then we would see the development of social welfare programs and so ultimately when we look at policy it is connected to many aspects of our lives and how what we think about policy and you'll have a little activity I'll just talk about a little bit it is impacted by what we believe or values our political views our social views the religious economic all of those things But ultimately when we look at the development of social welfare policy and programs they ultimately were meant to be a safety net and ultimately if you've ever heard of a safety net uh and you would probably think of something that's going to catch you before you fall or before you completely hit the bottom and that's what social welfare policies and programs are meant to be many of these programs are means tested and I'll talk about some of the different kinds of programs in just a moment many of these programs are means tested and if you've ever uh you you may not have heard that before but sometimes you'll hear the phrase of that somebody's living beyond their means basically living beyond their uh what they can really afford so means has a connection to our finances so they test people's finances their assets to determine if they're eligible so many of our social welfare programs do that not all of them but many of those do that so that helps to determine who's eligible how long they receive Services what's the success of the programs ultimately when they're implemented as well all connected to that those means or those finances thank you as was mentioned in the previous slide oftentimes our views about social welfare and social welfare programs can be connected to our political views and other views here in in your textbook it IT addresses two common political views or ideologies and that is conservative conservatives and also liberals now these are not the only political ideologies out there and but these are commonly what we talk about as you can see here you'll kind of see conservatives usually look at personal responsibility over government support there's more a belief in states rights as instead of a strong stronger state government than federal government as well looking at support and programs only when they're completely necessary also and then liberals it looks they oftentimes look at a more robust safety net some a safety net is a little more preventative as well and something that oftentimes catches people a little the safiness a little higher they they seek to work with folks earlier on in the process when they first experience issues now you will notice you have an assignment that's related to your own political perspective and so now your book just talks about conservatives and liberals I want you to you may not think those speech you I want you to explore that yourself so you can look at what's in the book but also you can explore online in terms of other ideologies you may consider yourself to be more moderate uh in kind of in the middle between conservative liberal you may consider yourself uh Ultra liberal or many different ideologies that are out there so make sure you explore those before you do that assignment another thing we talk about with social welfare policy and programs is also a sense of social control that some of these programs do exert some kind of social control over individuals in in essence they regulate people and sometimes end up not just regulating but relegating people in in is believed that some programs kind of keep people in certain aspects of uh poverty at times and and certain uh social stratification uh situations that they're not really some of those uh means tested programs don't always work the best they don't always do enough they're not always they're not robust enough to get people out of poverty and keep them out of poverty so that's the concern in with some of these programs now social control is not all bad we do need rules and regulations and we in terms of maintaining stability in society and organization and Society but when it gets to the point that it is certainly infringing on people's rights that it is being discriminatory that is being oppressive that's where we we draw the line we can't let those types of policies uh exist we we have to combat those because those are enjoy unjust and they are injustices if they control people to the point that they're oppressive so just as the previous slide mentioned that we have to combat social control that is oppressive we we need to be promoting social justice we need to make sure that all policies and procedures are out there and programs are just that they uh are not discriminate discriminatory in any way and you might not think that in terms of social welfare programs you wouldn't think well there's a social welfare program it would be discriminatory but they can be and we need to be always aware of that and always as social workers looking for ways to make sure we're maintaining social justice so we will talk a little bit more about this in chapter four but it's it's also important to introduce that here that we always need to implement our programs and adjust Fashion Fair equal fashion with whomever we're working with foreign approaches to social welfare these first two approaches institutional and residual actually are most common then we'll talk about a third one called developmental that's also important I think we can't really ignore it so just first starting here with the insta the institutional approach to social welfare you'll notice that the this kind of social welfare program is not a means tested program this is something that tends to be available for almost everyone in our society it is meant to be preventative it's meant to be proactive to plan ahead for the future and some examples of these types of programs as you can see here Social Security for those pain that are working and they're paying into social social security and that was meant to be an insurance essentially it used to be called old age insurance but in Insurance in terms of when we retire that we have some Social Security built up that we can draw from and not and ultimately supplement retirement was never meant to be totally retirement but it went to supplement retirement helped for for our security down the road after we retire and then also public education sometimes people talk about well they they get frustrated about social welfare programs but they don't when we talk about social welfare public education is a social welfare program and people don't really understand that and Social Security is a social welfare program and Medicare is a sexual welfare program but they the people don't want to lump that into what they are talking about in terms of social welfare they oftentimes just want to talk about financial assistance and food stamps and those kinds of programs and that are tend to be have more stigma attached to them and and make it and help them you know help them those programs that will help them make a bigger argument in terms of their frustration with paying in you know you know paying into the system to help others but ultimately you know everybody's benefiting from social welfare programs and then there are residual social welfare programs these social welfare programs are those that are more intervention focused reactive they are meant to um be enacted when all else has failed essentially for those that that are receiving them so those types of programs such as Tana for temporary assistance needy families and what we've called food stamps for years is actually the snap program now which stands for supplemental nutrition assistance program and these programs are means-tested programs and they are in terms of being able to receive those they're based on need they are and again ultimately are a safety net for those that are close to hitting rock bottom and so of course these tend to be those programs that have more stigma attached to them and are that people are oftentimes grumbling about in terms of the social welfare programs and that they make that they treat as a negative so so it's important just to understand those understand that and understand there are differences in how they're implemented and that's why we have the institutional and the residual you know one's intervention residuals more intervention and then institutional is more prevention a third and quite interesting approach to social welfare is called developmental social welfare programs and these types of programs had their Beginnings in trying to assist developing nations to develop their infrastructure and promote economic growth and stability and so these are really uh Progressive top programs oftentimes that may benefit a community or a nation on a grander level more of a macro level and can impact multiple people down the line so we we within our country have have these kinds of programs before and we will talk about that a little bit more later as we get into more of the history but when we think about the Great Depression and the New Deal programs those were developmental type programs and working on the infrastructure we also will see that in small communities or small and large communities in our nation where they will focus on developing a greater infrastructure and developing a their economic growth one specific type of Developmental top program is also interesting and really that we wouldn't think about it being social work related is is one that our former department head Mark Fagan actually was very involved with the development of the Robert Trent Johns Golf Trail that you can find throughout the state of Alabama and as they were developing that he was connected to the fella who was involved with the after they also connected to the retirement system of Alabama and he talked to him about as they're developing these golf trails that it would be beneficial to also develop housing communities around these golf courses and in doing so promote and the attraction of retirees to these communities and if you're attack attract retirees people that can afford to retire and move to another area that they often have more financial stability themselves they have more assets they have essentially more money that they bring into a community and that's uh a nice little boost tax wise to a community it promotes you know more business to meet the needs of those individuals as well so it can be developmental so there's actually a a pretty big focus in some areas of this country on attracting retirees and being retiree friendly in these communities the state of Florida's been doing it for years but there are many other states in the South and Southwest that have been focused on that but again developmental programs are focused on those kinds of things developing infrastructure economic growth and stability and that is something that we still need today we need to further develop our infrastructure we need to improve our internet access across the country uh expanded you know even more into rural areas in that's still an issue Even in our state and found that with uh with online programs that some students don't have a decent access in terms of cell phone service and and internet service and those kinds of things and uh and that's part of developing infrastructure so um so it's again it's a very interesting approach to social welfare and it's not necessarily something you would think about when you start talking about social welfare programs so here we get into the history of social welfare and early beginnings of Social Work not not a profession yet at this point in time but we'll see early social welfare programs and that started from the very beginning when we started colonizing America we had to have some approach to meeting the needs of those in poverty and in England there was already a program there was already this approach and it was something it was called the Elizabethan poor laws name for Queen Elizabeth and these poor laws were established to either meet the needs of those in poverty or to address even those that were not they were in poverty and were able to work to make get them to work and so that was brought to America and applied to the colonies and then actually continued on after our country after we became a country so you'll notice here and it's also discussed in your textbook how this occurred now there was a separation between people those who are in poverty that were deserving and those that were non-deserving those that were deserving were considered those that were elderly the older you had folks who were had a disability those would be deserving a poor and I guess essentially children as well children might also be put into apprenticeships the non-deserving were those who were considered able-bodied those that could work but were not working and so those that were non-deserving poor they there was a little different approach to uh to meeting their needs and and addressing how they could benefit their community so they approached this by providing different kinds of relief and those were outdoor relief and indoor relief outdoor relief was a form of relief where relief was taken out to the individuals to the families that needed that assistance this would be it was not like monetary payment early on eventually in Europe and others it would eventually become a monetary type payment but a lot of times this type of outdoor relief would be provision of assistance such as um fuel for fire for cooking and for heating uh those kinds of things and you know food stuff like that would be outdoor relief and it would be taken out to people's homes so where they were living now indoor relief would be as a former relief of bringing people in doors or inside to provide that relief so those that were considered deserving poor those with disabilities the Aged that were deserving poor they would be brought into something called an Alms House and so and to be cared for now this wouldn't necessarily be a prime setting and something I'm sure not always the best environment in the world but they were brought in to be cared for the non-deserving poor would be brought in they would be put into work houses and they would be put to work in the community to benefit the community and different kinds of tasks that would be needed in that particular early on in the particular colonies and then later on in those particular communities foreign as was mentioned in the previous Slide the poor law approach to meeting the needs of those in poverty continued on into the 1800s that really were referred to the as the new poor laws when they came to America and but as you can see here so we would finally have a picture so this is probably closer to the 1800s where we would be able to have a picture like this but this is essentially a bunk house or where individuals that were working in the workhouses would stay so you'll notice here if you kind of look at it as a kind of a fuzzy picture it was just this long Warehouse kind of room big room or Barracks I guess might be a good way to look at it and on either side or bunk beds and you can actually see their people sitting on top on the top bunks on these bunk beds there's a stove in the middle for some for heating and then my could be doing cooking or something a little bit I don't know so that's would be the essentially bunk house or accommodations for the workhouse as we would transition into and throughout the 1800s we would see many issues that needed to be addressed we would see issues regarding children in poverty children that would become orphaned or parents could not take care of them and that would be addressed to something called The Orphan trains although a strong strange approach on the next slide we'll talk a little bit more about that we would see that of course in the 1800s we would see the Civil War in the eventual end of slavery and during this time we would see after the Civil War and the end of slavery we would see an establishment of the first social welfare agency this would be technically the first agency providing social welfare programs and the most common name for that it has a longer name than than this but it's most commonly known as the Freedmen's Bureau and that's because it was focused on helping former slaves to how to get land to provide some financial assistance to develop and to be able to pursue an education unfortunately this did not last very long this only lasted a few years and was eventually dissolved so you can imagine at that point in time there was actually there was a lot of political infighting but uh because it was just being after the Civil War we would see the need to start addressing issues for with those who had mental health issues and so we'll talk more about this in the mental health chapter Dorothea Dix is looked at as a strong proponent for advocacy for those with mental health issues she was never referred to as a social worker though she was actually a teacher but we'll talk a little more about her in the mental health chapter and then we would see those early folks that were doing early Social Work activities were very much advocates for children and women and workers and older adults and and certainly focusing on working and addressing discrimination in terms of racism and sexism as well as was mentioned in the previous slide because of the growing number of orphaned children or in children that could not be taken care of by their families a fellow named Charles Loring Brace who was involved with the New York Children's Aid Society had this idea of placing children out placing children with non-related families so his idea was to put these children on trains he established some plan to put children on trains and to go to the Midwest and there would be in these train stations these Farm families that would be waiting for these children and they would take these children to their homes on their Farms to live now that may just sound a little strange just in in saying it and this it was the early precursor to foster care but it was also strange because in this circumstance these children were replaced with these families to to be raised and I'm certainly Charles Lauren brace had the idea that they would be taken care of and have a good life and learn good morals and good work ethic and all those things and some children did some children were treated as parts of as a part of the family but some children were taken and treated as servants in these households so it his heart was in the right place but there was a it was not regulated well enough although this did continue on for several years and I think into the 1900s actually it continued on for a while but it had certainly its drawbacks eventually we would get to the point where we would focus on placing children in in homes closer in their Community or closer to their community so that they can continue relationships with their family members if they had family the Progressive Era is looked at is the most important era or time frame regarding the social work profession and its development and it's because of some wonderful leaders in some very important organizations at the time where we'll talk a little bit more about the charity organization societies and the settlement house movements as well in in just a moment but this was a great time of change there was a lot of growth within this country a lot of growth within cities and because of that growth there was a lot of Need for those individuals coming in these cities there's a lot of immigrants coming into these cities with this promise of a better life and we would see a lot of people going into these cities moving from farms to the cities because of urbanization and industrialization and because of that these cities became overcrowded and you there was not enough space for everybody the infrastructure as we talked about earlier on the infrastructure could not keep up with the growth in these cities and because of that they're emerged these organizations that were focused on helping these folks they are helping these folks some were focused more on working with immigrant families and and then some worked with others and so we'll talk a little bit more about those in the next couple of slides another aspect of the Progressive Era that was so important was how government in general looked at the issues that were occurring it was almost impossible not to see the structural issues that were going on so in general poverty was looked at as a consequence of structural problems and not flawed character so there was not so much stigma attached to people getting assistance there was less blaming of people for their circumstances that they were in so in general in terms of society there was a belief that the government should be involved in trying to make things better that people should be given the opportunity to um you know to have a good home and and to be able to work there was a lot of focus on advocacy and addressing social justice and trying to promote social justice and combat injustices and so we would see this because of all of these things going on at the same time we would see a lot of programs in and approaches take place during this time we would see the NAACP would be developed National Urban League all kinds of uh that would be pension programs uh women would get the right to vote during this time period we would be focusing on child labor and trying to end child labor because a lot of children were in the workforce just to help their parents and their families survive to save her work and working conditions workers compensation laws better sanitation all of these things were going on during this time frame so a lot was getting accomplished a lot was being addressed a lot of attention was being drawn to these particular issues and so that's also one is is called the progressive error because a lot of progress was being made an important movement during the Progressive Era was the settlement house movement a key proponent of this movement was Jane Adams now Jane Adams is oftentimes referred to as the mother of social work so she is looked at very much as an early social worker even though it was not yet a full profession but those within the settlement house movement that were doing Social Work activities were referred to as settlement house workers and so as you see here on this slide you see Jane Adams you also see uh in the bottom corner there is a the settlement house called the whole house so this was a hub in terms of services for the community so in this presentation in your book and then also as you'll learn in the video Jane Adams and other middle class upper middle class women ministers college students they actually went and moved into these communities usually immigrant communities and they would work with them they learned they focused on community advocacy and so actually early on the beginnings of Social Work were very much macro practice based and so this community action was the focus and so with with this they would get involved with that community that would help their the immigrants within the community learn how to advocate for themselves help them to be able to work together with each other to get things accomplished as well so so people very much appreciate Jane Adams and I think people aspire to be like Jane Addams because you really got engaged with working with other people she really got her hands dirty she really got in those communities with those people in need and she's also an amazing woman in terms of what she did in general she was very involved in advocacy in terms of child trying to get children out of the workforce she was very involved in just the general community in the Chicago area and that's where the whole house is she was over the sanitation department for Chicago she supported political candidates and she actually um was if not the first one of the first female recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize she was a co-recipient the year she received it she and one other person received it together also during the Progressive Era were these organizations called charity organization Society sometimes referred to as cos and so these were in many large cities within this country much as the settlement houses were in many large cities within the country as well and so with the charity organization societies there's one key leader Mary Richmond and Mary Richmond she's going to be one of the first of many Mary's we're going to talk about as we go throughout this the rest of this term but Mary Richmond was the primary leader that we talk about in terms of being in this early social worker Pioneer and she contributed a lot to the social worker profession and Social Work practice now the early social workers those folks doing the social work activities were referred to as friendly visitors and these friendly visitors they would go out to in the community to these families and they would provide guidance they would provide encouragement they would help to address issues and hopefully give them an opportunity uh ideas on how to solve problems that they may be experiencing relating to their family related to poverty and another thing in terms of Mary Richmond's contribution to the profession she was very much contributed to Social Work practice in terms of what what we do today in terms of some of the methodology keeping records in terms of maintaining welfare roles in terms of people receiving assistance and making sure there's not duplication of services things like that and so that she actually wrote a couple of books and this first one is referred to as the first social workbook was called social diagnosis she would also write another book called what is social casework and so in there she even had forms and stuff that could be used by people providing Social Services she was also very much a progressive thinker and so we will talk a little bit more about how she had some very Progressive thoughts about substance abuse specifically alcoholism at the time poverty mental health issues she had so she was very Progressive she was also connected to Edward Devine who established the first School of Social Work at that time it wasn't called social work it was called School of philanthropy but now it's the Columbia School of Social Work very prestigious School of Social Work within the Progressive Era time frame there would also be this another small era called The World War One era and this is where we would see the development more focus on the administration of social welfare programs and the development of an expansion of practice settings in this budding profession as we were starting the foundations of the profession so we would see folks they were doing special kind of work in family welfare agencies in schools and we'll talk more about social or early School social workers and early social workers that were working in the medical field in mental health field and so so the we would see the development of these different essentially fields of social work that that were occurring during this particular time and so again laying the foundation for what we would get to today another time frame in American history that gave a great boost to the Social Work profession was the time frame where we experienced the Great Depression and the implementation of the new deal and because of this dark market crash in 1929 of course we went into the Great Depression and we would begin and then under President Roosevelt that is the establishment of something called the New Deal which were Federal initiatives regarding financial assistance and also work assistance for for those within the this country and so we would see the implementation of programs that were work relief programs we would see some very important uh like the works progress administration the Civilian Conservation Corps many other types of work relief programs that were putting our citizens within this country who were had lost their jobs were seeing that they were essentially Indigent because they had lost their jobs and financially our country was in it was in ruin that we needed to rebuild you know we we see that the little you know some things going on right now within our country to try to keep our country afloat with financial assistance and uh and to try to make sure that our economy can stay stabilized and so at that point in time they were trying to do some things to try to make sure we could stabilize our economy and in addition to financial assistance work relief also was very beneficial because people had the need to work the need to provide for themselves and provide for their families and so this work relief besides helping financially also provided very much a a moral uplift to them because they were able to work and able to do something and feel like they were doing something beneficial for themselves and their family so these were really great programs and these programs were they tried to address the strengths of those that were participating they there are certainly programs that were just general labor where we were and where we were working on infrastructural issues and that was a good opportunity to work on infrastructure issues where there were building roads and repairing roads and building and installing sewer lines and repairing sewer lines building and repairing airports uh playgrounds the Hoover Dam was being began being built during this time um and all kinds of things that were being built that were of benefit to the country and to the areas the Tennessee Valley Authority was established during this time to activate and reactivate hydroelectric power to serve rural communities and in doing so they flooded a lot of land so the creation of these large lakes and and such that also ultimately provided for um a recreational area which as we know today has a a big industry in a lot of areas so all these things came about because of the New Deal during this particular time they even targeted artists you know if people were artists they were put to work painting murals in governmental buildings we School teachers could go teach in rural schools so they were very it was very much kind of strength based in terms of how they put people to work and where they put them to work we would also see the establishment of unemployment insurance and of course we've heard a lot about unemployment these days and people getting unemployment because of job loss and then social social security so to help out with older adults so again I mentioned earlier it's kind of like an uh oh an old age Insurance a component within Social Security after someone retires and also there will be a component built in that would work on social welfare programs helping children helping individuals with disabilities during this time there were a couple of key figures Harry Hopkins was one of those and you'll learn about Harry Hopkins in the video and he was very much just involved in the implementation of these programs and so in in terms of distribution of money and and also the work relief programs and then also secure Social Security Act of 1935 was established you're also going to learn about that and learn who was involved with the implementation of the Social Security Act also so Social Security Act is very important you're going to learn about this and you're going to talk about this many times in many of your classes I always remember Social Security Act the year 1935 and it was president um Franklin Delano Roosevelt here's another slide about the Great Depression and some of this is already mentioned in the previous slide but I want to mention here that uh as we talk about the the New Deal and the Great Depression we we're typically just thinking about FDR being the president during the Great Depression but he was not the president at the beginning of the Great Depression Herbert Hoover was and he was not looked at fondly because once the Great Depression hit he was more of a hands-off took a more hands-off approach is uh there's some a form of Economics or economic ideology called laissez-faire economics and it is this idea if you do not interfere with the market it will eventually correct itself and everything will be okay well he was hands off then so he really didn't he was not looked at as doing much to help anyone therefore a lot of folks looked at him negatively he and I'm sure his approval ratings were not very high if they did those at that point in time and because of that they were just referred to in negative term as the Hoover years they would also people would use his name in a derogatory way because in other ways there were these things called Hoovervilles and Hoovervilles were basically makeshift like a little Shanty Town makeshift little places where people were living in Parks like Central Park because they had lost their homes they had were kicked out of their apartments and so they went to live in these areas and they would refer to these little places as Hoovervilles thank you as we would transition into the World War II era we would find almost full employment within our country related to the New Deal and also because of our entering our into World War II in the War Industry within this country everybody was working and and doing their part so almost full employment so during this time we would see more Social Work involvement new jobs and Social Work partly related to the New Deal the New Deal related programs and there would also be some a greater interest in reform as well we will see some very important things that would happen and and folks within JSU who are either involved in the military or military connected in some way in terms of family during this time period there was an implementation of the GI bill to help for the education of our veterans or veteran family members we would see amendments to the Social Security Act to focus on those with disabilities we would see the official end of School segregation in Brown versus the Board of Education we know that it was not completely done with in terms of segregation but in terms of federal law that was supposed to be the end of school segregation and so we would it would still be several years before we would finally get there we'd also see beginnings of the de-institutionalization movement we'll talk about that when we talk about working with folks with disabilities and also in mental health but basically the idea of transitioning folks out of institution not just housing them there but getting them back into the community and hopefully contributing members of to the community and then also during this time and at the toward the end of this time period we would see the implementation in creation of the National Association of social workers which we talked about in the first section of information the nasw that established our code of ethics foreign there was a great focus on combating Injustice and promoting social justice and combating and trying to Stamp Out poverty and so from 60 to 67 this Focus was on something called a war on poverty and this also coincided with the Civil Rights Movement President Kennedy was focused on doing this as as well but after his assassination uh of course uh he President Johnson uh continued to focus on this and he focused on trying to create a great society within our country but a lot of that had to do with war on poverty and so we would see some in some new social welfare initiatives that would be established during this time frame therefore we would see a lot of social workers working in the social service type agencies so at this point in time we have we do as a profession we've been officially recognized so actually in the 1950s social work was recognized as a full profession and then we would get into these initiatives where we would see a lot of social worker social workers being employed so Head Start Medicaid Medicare food stamps all of those occurred during the war on poverty the next slide will have even more programs that occurred during this time as you can see here's even Morse programs they were part of Johnson's war on poverty they were focused on making things better for people within our society in terms of financial assistance in terms of students in college in terms of helping folks with housing issues Housing and Urban Development development being established during this time Medicare Medicaid being established during this time so some wonderful programs that were established many of these still exist today and are still being implemented today social workers have always been involved in promoting social justice and they were very involved in the Civil Rights Movement and of course we would have a civil rights act in 1964 to ultimately promote fairness and equality and within our country and as a part of it something else that grew up that was the equal employment opportunity to commission to make sure that everyone had an equal opportunity in the workplace and also in education as well we would see other advocacy with Farm Workers within this country and we would see initial some additional activism in terms of promoting social justice for Native American people in this country so there was a large Focus during the 1960s during most of the 1980s there would be a very strong conservative swinging within this country and there would be this concept of something called Reaganomics which was largely this idea of trickle-down economics that if we made things better for big business for those who are wealthy that it would ultimately benefit those who were poor the Working Poor that it would trickle down to them and everybody would be better off everybody would benefit from the opportunities that were given for those that were more wealthy and we would see some growth of this stigmatization of those in poverty some the re-emergent of re-emergence of this idea of worthy poor and unworthy poor as well and so that would be something that would continue on under President Reagan and also President Bush um from 2000 up to today A lot has gone on and so the last 20 years there are many things that have occurred we've had President W Bush serve two terms he came in talking about something called compassionate conservatism we really never got to see what that meant and this because any of those social welfare initiatives that he focused on overshadowed because of the war on terror a lot of the money that could go towards social welfare programs had to go towards the war as well we would see President Obama serve two terms and we would see the implementation of the Affordable Care Act which was important in terms of the establishment of this idea that Health Care is a right and not a privilege and to make Health Care available and accessible to all within this country and so the concept certainly was very important and and especially to be able to help folks who already have pre-existing conditions to be able to have the ability to get health care unfortunately there are been some issues since the implementation that's that health care costs have gone up and so it Healthcare has not been as affordable as it used to be and so that's still a concern and then we would see in now and still currently serving in the in the Trump Administration we've seen a lot going on and um but I think one of the there'll be a lot of issues to talk about during the administration but one of the biggest issues I think has been this um such adversity between um the conservative and liberal sides in politics and just everything has been so divisive during this time frame and I think that's been very difficult to be able to get things accomplished for those in need of course during this time frame that it is going to be written in history that we've experienced covid-19 and and the biggest downturn in terms of our economy since the Great Depression the the greatest number of people who are unemployed since the Great Depression and of course where history is still being written about what was done and what should have been done and how we were able to get through this so we will see that and hopefully we will ultimately come out of this stronger as you consider social welfare programs and policy now and in the future you will find that there are policies implemented laws passed programs implemented that have some very good plans some very good goals and sometimes they do really well sometimes they fall short sometimes you certainly can look at where things could have been done differently sometimes that's because of who's implementing it sometimes it's because of political infighting that things don't get accomplished like they should have so it's important to understand that there are limitations but that's why there has to be some good research up front regarding what will occur if a certain policies pass certain laws pass certain programs are passed you have to always look at the positive positive and negatives and you certainly want to make sure the positives that way the negatives are simply is going to be implemented because sometimes they're unintended consequences and we have to understand that so of course within our country we we need to make sure that we understand the real reasons we need to focus on true prevention Within when we address any of the issues inequality social injustices within our country we need to focus on the root issues the real reasons not just put a Band-Aid on those all in terms of addressing it we we've got to really get down to the nitty-gritty and address the root causes and so um and of course advocacy is we'll talk about in chapter four has been a very important part of getting things accomplished where right now we are we see that in our country you know some folks um may or may not be approaching it the right way all the time but ultimately we're trying we need to get things accomplished in terms of social justice in terms of equality within our country true equality within this country in terms of how people are treated and of course that was what was trying to be addressed in 1963 the March on Washington that was involved in and leading to the Civil Rights Act we we need you know that true advocacy and also peaceful advocacy uh in in terms of getting those things accomplished