[Music] in the early 1600s an Italian got the ball rolling by measuring and observing balls rolling Galileo also timed pendulum and dropped different size objects off the Leaning Tower of Pisa to see what would happen and despite upsetting the pope his ideas had apparently made God very cross Galileo's work became the rock on which modern phys physic is found later free from Angry popes Isaac Newton moved things on by abandoning balls and embracing apples why he wondered did they always fall downwards not sideways or up by 1687 he had an answer it was a force called gravity which worked on balls and apples and planets holding them in nice predictable orbits around the Sun in the 1800s James Clerk Maxwell cast his eye over more Mysteries he showed how electricity and magnetism are related and can be combined as one force [Music] electromagnetism all that was left was to plug a few remaining holes but by 1900 the holes were getting bigger the latest discoveries didn't build on the old ones things like X-rays and radio activity were just plain weird and in a bad way top scientist Lord Kelvin saw dark clouds hanging over the subject then in 1905 a Swiss patent clerk started a full-on storm iin at Goku 26-year-old Albert Einstein tore up the script first he claimed that light is a kind of wave but also comes in packets or particles in the same year he published his famous equation E = mc² it says says that mass and energy are equivalent and if that wasn't shocking enough he released the mind-blowing results of a thought experiment so hold on to your heads it starts with the assumption that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant now imagine that someone watches a spaceship flying very fast what they would see is a ship's clocks running slower than their own watch and the ship will actually shrink inide but for the astronauts inside all would be normal Einstein said that time and space can change they are relative depending on who's observing them this is special relativity his ideas shattered traditional physics he'd open a door onto the weird world of the quantum where cats can both be alive and dead where God plays Dice and where everything is uncertain his famous equation led to nuclear energy without special relativity the large Haden collider will be pointless general relativity predicted both black holes and the Big Bang an idea now endorsed by both church and science Galileo would have been pleased Well Done [Applause] album