hi guys it's me Professor D and welcome back to my YouTube channel on this video I'm going to be going over pharmacology and I'm going to be covering medicine medications that work against viruses that works against bacterias um parasites fungus and certain protozoa okay so that's what we're going to be going over now before we get started as always I'm going to ask you to please support me and support this channel how can you do that well start by liking this video you're going to love it so go ahead and press that Thumbs Up Button now so you don't forget subscribe to my channel if you haven't done so already and be sure to go to my website and check out the audio lessons I have available now the audio lessons I make that specifically for the students that are currently in the nursing program and that are struggling like if you have to get a really really high grade on your next exam or you're out of there I made that for you so I have audio lessons available on my website also if you'd like to uh schedule a one-on-one tutoring session with me or a Next Generation NCLEX review session you can reserve your spot right now by going to nexusnursinginstitute.com before we get started I want to start off with a prayer if you're not into that just fast forward that's fine and if you are please close your eyes about your head unless you're operating heavy machinery or driving father God thank you Lord thank you for another day on this Earth thank you for the breath of life in our bodies thank you for all of the mercy and favor that you've poured over us Jesus thank you Lord father God I asked for forgiveness for our sins myself and every single viewer and listener right now Lord I ask that you please forgive us and Lord I tell you thank you thank you thank you for the assurance that the moment that we ask for forgiveness with a sincere heart is already been given and we tell you thank you for that Lord father God I asked during this time that we go over this information every single viewer every single listener I ask that you please help them to understand this information help them to remember uh this information to remember these Concepts father God help them to be able to think critically through questions that they practice father God I ask that you please help them to be more disciplined in their studies so um they can avoid distractions Lord and I ask that you please remove those people who are in their lives that don't wish them any good that are there to distract them or take away from them Father God I ask that you uh kindly remove them from their life father God and help them to be focused and just help them to do better on their exams those who are studying for NCLEX please help them to pass their boards Lord and let them not forget and let them pave it forward and be a blessing to someone else thank you for all that you've done all you continue to do in our life in Jesus Christ we pray amen all right guys let's get started first question super infections are an adverse effect common to all antibiotic therapy which of the following best describes a super infection one an initial infection so overwhelming that requires multiple antimicrobial drugs to treat successfully two bacterial resistance that creates infections that are difficult to treat and that are often resistant to multiple drugs three infections requiring high dose antimicrobial therapy with increased chance of organ toxicity or four the overgrowth of normal body Flora or of opportunistic organisms such as viruses and yeast no longer held in check by normal beneficial Flora what do you guys think and guys the correct answer is for that's what a super infection is so guys you have actually good bacteria you have good normal floor that actually keeps certain fungus and certain types of infection in check okay and so the overgrowth of that normal body Florida or opportunistic um organisms such as viruses or Yeast why because maybe that patient's taking lots of um antibiotics and it's killing well not only the bad bacteria but the good bacteria that we need as well so uh that's the correct answer now let's look at the wrong answer choices one an initial infection is so overwhelming that requires multiple antimicrobial drugs to treat successfully that would be for what a severe infection okay choices two and three these are adverse effects where the question though is asking us about super infection so that's why number four is a correct answer Choice next question a client will be discharged after surgery with a prescription for penicillin when planning at home instructions what will the nurse include when penicillins can be taken while breastfeeding to the entire prescription must be finished three all prescriptions can be taken without regard to eating or four some possible side effects include abdominal pain and constipation and guys the correct answer is to the entire prescription must be finished and this is a rule of thumb so when they cut whenever it comes to antibiotics you're always going to teach the patient to take the entire course of the medication even if they're feeling better now let's look at the wrong choices one penicillins can be taken while breastfeeding and some medication some can be taken while breastfeeding but with caution always with caution and this is the best answer Choice here anyway Choice uh three all penicillins can be taken with regard without regard to eating that's absolutely false and your first clue that this was false was the word all whenever you see all inclusive words such as all always never none stay away from them unless you know for sure that that's the answer and usually it's not the answer and so let's talk about this um all penicillins can be taken without regard to food that's false because um amoxicillin needs to be taken with what food so that's not true and then Choice four some penicillin excuse me some possible side effects include abdominal pain um and constipation if anything we'd see what the opposite we'd see uh diarrhea not constipation okay so that makes it wrong the only true Choice here guys is teaching that patient that they need to take the entire course and you have to tell them even if you start feeling better you still should take the entire course a classman prescribed tetracycline when providing information regarding this drug the nurse should include what information about tetracycline one it's classified as a narrow spectrum antibiotic with minimal adverse effects two it's used to treat a variety of disease processes three it's been identified to be safe during pregnancy four it's contraindicated in children younger than eight years of age and the correct answer is four it's contraindicated in children younger than eight years of age it can cause permanent discoloration and it has effects on growing bones so this medication is absolutely contraindicated in children and pregnancy if you're pregnant you cannot take this medication all right choice number one is classified as a narrow spectrum antibiotic no it's not it's a broad spectrum antibiotic Choice number two it's used to treat a variety of disease processes actually it's not there's so many other antibiotics on the market not bad I shouldn't say there's so many better the one has so many adverse effects um we really don't um use this unless we have to there are other antibiotics on the market three it's been identified to be safe during pregnancy absolutely not this is um category X you cannot take it while pregnant and force the correct answer we're not going to give it to children because of the discoloration of the teeth and also guys um it can impair bone growth and it can cause hepatotoxicity in um the woman who's pregnant so there's so many reasons why I cannot be given to women who are pregnant or um to children what important information should be included in the client's education regarding Cipro one the drug can cause discoloration of the teeth two fluid intakes should be decreased to prevent urine retention three any heel or lower leg pain should be reported immediately or four the drug should be taken with an antacid to to reduce gastric effects and the correct answer guys is number three any heel or lower leg pain should be reported immediately and the reason for this an adverse effect of this drug is tendonitis and guys tendinitis is a lethal potentially deadly um complication that can happen so you're going to have that picture recorded immediately now let's look at the wrong answer choices by the way Cipro this is a type of antibiotic we're still talking about antibiotics one the drug can cause discoloration of the teeth that's what tetracycline Choice two fluid intake should be decreased to prevent urine retention no if anything we want to increase fluid intake we want to flush out those kidneys and then Choice four the drugs should be taken with an antacid stop do you ever take any medications with antacids no and acids decrease the absorption of so many medications you do not take medications with antacid so we know that's not true the correct answer is Choice number three because we're concerned of tendon rupture okay a client's been diagnosed with tuberculosis and is prescribed rifter that's a combination of pyrosynamide with inh and Rifampin while the client is on this medication which teaching is essential one is critical to continue therapy for at least six to 12 months oh this is select all that applies so they're more than one answer so number one it's critical to continue a therapy for at least six to 12 months true when it comes and this is across the board for any of the cocktails or the individual um anti-tv medications these medications not the medication but the um disease itself it's so resistant the patient is usually going to have to be on the cocktail and the patient's gonna have to be on the medication for at least six months but they're usually on the medication for a year right but at least six months so that's true Choice number two two or three two or more drugs are used to prevent tuberculosis bacteria resistant correct and I kind of just gave you the answer I'm sorry I didn't know I didn't I know that wasn't I didn't remember that was a choice but yeah this disorder the the bacteria is so resistant usually patient's gonna have to be on a cocktail choice three these drugs May uh also be used to prevent tuberculosis yep that's also true Choice four no special precautions are required that is false because there are so many adverse effects that you have to watch out for I I did the whole other teaching on this so you guys can go back and watch this video but there absolutely are um precautions so that's false and then Choice five after one month of treatment the medication will be discontinued absolutely not again the patient is going to be on this cocktail for at least six months but usually they're on it for about nine to twelve months and maybe they may even be on this medication for up to two years but um the minimum time is going to be at least six months a 32 year old female has been starting on amoxicillin for a severe UTI before sending her home with the prescription with the prescription the nurse will provide which instruction one teach her to wear sunscreen to ask her about oral contraceptive use and recommend an alternative method for the duration of the ampicillin course three assess for hearing loss or four recommend taking the pill with some antacid to prevent gifsf and the correct answer is two um here's the thing with Amoxicillin it can decrease the effectiveness of oral um um contraceptive medications so while they're taking this antibiotic because they need it right they have to take the antibiotics so you're going to teach them while they're taking this antibiotic to have a secondary form and usually you could teach it what like a barrier protection such as weather condom because that oral contraceptive that they're taking may not be effective and they might end up pregnant so that's important teaching now the wrong answer is one and three where it says wear sunscreen assess for hearing loss those aren't you know adverse effects of amoxicillin and then Choice four recommend taking the pill with antacid I already told you you do not take medications with antacids ever so that couldn't have been the answer Choice number two is the only correct answer client's been diagnosed with a fungal nail infection the healthcare provider has prescribed griseofulvin the nurse will include which of the following in her teaching to the client one drug therapy will be for a very short time probably two to four weeks to carefully inspect all IM injection sites for bruising three notify the provider is symptoms of infection worsen or four limit fluid intake to approximately a thousand MLS per day what do you guys think and guys the correct answer is three notify the provider if symptoms of infection worsen what are we thinking possible super infection so now we're talking about fungal infections fungal infections take a very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very very long time to clear up and you have to warn the patient you have to let them know that this is not going to clear up overnight okay um fungal infections are very very hard to treat it takes a very long time so number one can't be the answer there's no way that they're going to be on this for a short time wrong Choice number two carefully inspect all IM injection site what injection sites look at the medication look at the type of anti-fungal that we're giving this graciofulvin that's Grigio we give that by mouth by the way um with this type of medication something else is not in here but I'm just going to let you know you have to teach the patient when they're giving this medication remember it's given by mouth you're going to teach them to take it with something that is fatty that has like a lot of uh grease why because that fat is what helps this medication to be absorbed and the way I want you to remember it is grisio greasy teaching to eat it with something greasy so when they're taking this medication don't take it with cereal that's not greasy but they could eat it take it with um I don't want to say fries because that's not healthy but something that has fat in it um even if let's say they make eggs in the morning right you put your you put your oil to fry your eggs that's greasy you can tell them to they can take it with the eggs but you want something greasy because it's that it's that fat that grease is gonna um help that medication to be absorbed Choice number four limit fluid intake nope uh we're gonna do the opposite we're going to teach them to increase fluid intake we want to flush out the kidneys okay a client with type 2 diabetes is treated with oral anti-diabetic medication and they're receiving fluconazole Diflucan for treatment of chronic tinea Cruise that's jock itch the nurse instructs the client to monitor blood glucose levels more frequently because of what potential drug effect one so cancel antagonizes the effects of many anti-diabetic medications causing hyperglycemia two sucanazole interacts with certain anti-diabetic drugs causing hypoglycemia three flucanazole causes hyperglycemia and four subcanazole causes hypoglycemia what do you guys think and the correct answer is two for Council interacts with certain anti-diabetic drugs such as Glyburide and it causes hypoglycemia decreased blood sugar let me ask you something what'll kill you faster hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia hypoglycemia so you're going to monitor your patient much much closely more closely for those signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia apply with severe systemic fungal infection is to be given amphotericin B fungazone before starting the amphotericin infusion the nurse premedicates the client with acetaminophen Tylenol diphenhydramine Benadryl and prednisone Delta Zone we medicating the client prior to amphotericin one it delays development of resistive fungal infections two it decreases risk can't speak it decreases the risk of hypersensitivity reactions to infotarsin three it prevents hyperthermia reactions from amphotericin or four it works synergistically with amphotericin so a lower dose may be given and the correct answers to it decreases the risk of hypersensitivity reactions to amphoterism first of all before I even talk about the answer let's talk about amphotericin and this um this anti-fungal medication it has so many really really really bad adverse effects it's not our first second or even third go-to anti-fungal we really use this when nothing else works and the patient really needs it okay this is not our first go-to because the adverse effects are just it's so ridiculous it's basically this or the patient's life will give it to the patient if we have to but it's not our first second or third go-to choice now with amphotericin patient can have fever chills nausea vomiting headache and so you're gonna pre-medicate the patient to kind of help with that and usually what happens is what happens is these side effects and I'm calling them side effects because adverse effects are even worse right so the side effects of these medications usually go over um go away like with treatment so after the patients have had the treatment for a while the side effects go away but we'll still go ahead and pre-medicate medicate that patient just in case so the correct answer is two we do expect there may be hypersensitivity reaction and so we just give that medication just in case a clowns prescribed chloroquine prior to a trip to an area where malaria is known to be endemic the nurse will instruct the client to remain on the drug for up to six weeks after returning and the client asks why this is necessary what is the nurse's best response one you may be carrying microscopic malaria parasites back with you on your clothes or other personal objects two it helps prevent transmission to any of your family members three or prevent any mosquito that bites you from picking up the malaria infection four it continues to kill any remaining malaria parasites that may have been acquired during the trip that are in your red blood cells and guys the correct answer is for your red blood cells is where those um malarial parasites concentrate so that's why it's so important to kill them there because that's where they concentrate Force the correct answer choice now Choice one is wrong because that medications first of all look what it says it says you may be carrying microscopic malaria parasites back with you on your clothes or personal um articles nope if you're carrying them back with you it's going to be in your rbcs two it helps prevent transmission nope it actually kills the remaining parasites and then choice three look at choice three really it will prevent any mosquito that bites you from picking up the malaria infection we don't care about that mosquito no it kills the parasites that remain that's you know concentrating that remains in your rbcs and your red blood cell so four is the correct answer choice this medication chloroquine by the way guys it's uh anti parasitic medication but it's also used for uh immunosuppressive therapy as well as immunosuppressive agent a 32 year old uh female client's been started on mature I cannot say this drug for the life of me but it's Flagyl you see the work Flagyl for treatment of a trig vaginal infection what must the client eliminate from her diet for the duration that she's on this medication one caffeine two acidic juices three antacids or four alcohol and this should be a no-brainer the correct answers for no alcohol do you ever take alcoholic medication absolutely not we know that that's number one that is the first red flag that should have made you know that the correct answers to alcohol but number two more importantly I want to point something out to you guys you see this medication Flagyl there's another reason you never take alcohol while you're on this medication it causes a disulfirm like reaction if you remember back when you were taking psych you learned about thysulfur this was a medication that um would what's the word I'm looking for it's a deterrent right from drinking alcohol because when you take a medication and you drink alcohol you get sick to death you want to go throw yourself over a bridge somewhere you get very very sick and so the person will have the same type of reaction they'll have nausea vomiting a hypotension they'll get very very sick now I want to talk about the wrong answer choices one caffeine caffeine we know it's wrong but I want to mention to you caffeine is something you're going to tell patients stay away from if they have a UTI because caffeine is a bladder irritant two acidic juices uh this is something you're going to tell the patient to increase intake in if they have a UTI because the acidity is thought to keep the bacteria from sticking to the inner lining of the bladder so that when the person urinates it can flush out the bacteria and then choice three antacids we know that's wrong you never take antacids with any medication ever this is like the third time I'm saying this to you guys so if you ever see that on a test and you know what not to pick okay all right next question flag was being used for clients Guardia lamblia infection this is a protozoal infection of intestines which of the following are appropriate to teach a client select all that applies so guys this is going to be um the answers will be more than one and select all the apply you're going to treat them as true or false one Flagyl may leave a metallic taste in the mouth Yes it does you're going to teach that to the patient so if they're not expecting it don't stop taking their medication so you're going to teach them of that side effect too the urine may turn dark Amber Brown while on this medication dark urine is another side effect of the medication that's true you're going to teach them that three um Flagyl may be discontinued once diarrhea subsides to minimize the absence effects absolutely not regardless of having that side effect or not you're going to teach them to continue the entire course of that medication so that's false Choice four take Flagyl with food to reduce GI upset that's absolutely true and five current sexual partners do not require treatment for this infection and that's true because guess what we're not talking about STD here so the correct answer choices is one two four and five a patient starting on sustiva for HIV what should the nurse teach the client about this drug one it'll cure the disease over time two it will not cure the disease but significantly extend the life expectancy three it'll be used prior to vaccines or four it will prevent the transmission of disease and the correct answers too it will not cure the disease but may significantly extend the life extent life expectancy and the way that it does that guys it decreases the viral lobe so number two is the correct answer choice type B has been taking Le penaveer with retinivere for the past eight years and notice a redistribution of body fat in the arms legs and abdomen this is known as lipodystrophy the nurse will evaluate the client for what other additional adverse effects associate with this drug select all that apply so we're guys we're looking for address effects associated with this drug one renal failure false that's not an adverse effect that's associated with this drug two hyperglycemia absolutely it is you better be checking that blood glucose three pancreatitis absolutely so you better be checking that blood glucose patriotic enzyme levels for bone marrow suppression false that's not an adverse effect associated with this drug five hepatic failure true so you're going to be looking at the liver function studies uh clotting factors the correct answer choice is two three and five how we find these would suggest that myelosuppression is occurring in a client taking retrovere one increase in serum bun to increase in WBC three decrease in plate the count or four a decrease in blood pressure and the correct answer is three decrease in platelet clock decrease in platelet count so whenever you're talking about Minor suppression you're talking about decreased function of the bone marrow what does a bone marrow do it makes your blood cells make sure rbcs it makes your platelets and make sure WBC so of course the correct answer is going to be decreasing plate account because if the bone marrow is not working the way it's supposed to the plate the count is going to be decreased one increase in bun you'd see that if the kidney was having issues two increasing WBC you see that infection four decreasing blood pressure lots of things can cause decreased blood pressure you know maybe the patient's hypovolemic lots of things can cause blood pressure but for this when we're talking about myelose suppression decreasing the function of the bone marrow you really should be thinking about those blood cells rbc's platelets and WBC so number three is the correct answer choice and guys we're down to our last question a Clive received a prescription for xenomovir for flu-like symptoms the client states I think I'll hold off on starting this I don't feel that bad yet what is the nurse's best response one the drug has a stable shelf shelf life so you can save it for later infections two it can be safe for later but you'll you'll also require an antibiotic to treat the symptoms if you wait three it can be starting within two weeks after the onset of symptoms or four to be effective it must be started within 48 hours after the onset of symptoms and the correct answer is for to be effective it must be started within 48 Hours of not diagnosis but the onset of symptoms okay and that's the correct answer choice now let's look at the wrong answer is one the drug has a stable shelf life so you can save it for later infections you never tell patients to ever save any medications for later infections wrong two it can be saved for later wrong but let's keep going but you'll require an antibiotic why would they require an antibiotic when we're dealing with a viral infection wrong and then choice three it can be started within two weeks absolutely not absolutely not has to be started within 48 hours after the onset of the clinical manifestations of this viral infection that the patient has so that's why the correct answer is Choice number four and guys that is it for this video please let me know what you thought about this video let me know if you'd like to see me cover more uh medications more pharmacology and in what format do you want in a q a format like this or an electro format or a meeting out of book and teaching or in a kahoot format please if you haven't done so already give this video a thumbs up help my algorithm go ahead leave a comment let me know what you thought about this video and don't forget to check out the audio lessons that I have on my website also you can book a one-on-one tutoring session or an NCLEX review with me by going to my website nexusnursinginstitute.com almost daily you can find me covering a variety of nursing topics on my other social media platform my name is the same the company name Nexus nursing Tick Tock Instagram and Facebook thank you so much for watching you guys catch me on the next video