[Music] this I'm sorry cannabis video we are looking at the extent of data on up to 1979 and this is things like the suit negotiations auspi lytic and a house in key Accords so that's where we look at the strategic and limitation arms treaty which is sought so a certain degree of cooperation had been reached through the Moscow Test Ban Treaty of 1963 and the nuclear non-proliferation treaty of 1968 and if you want to learn more about this then watch my video on cooperation but whilst the Soviet intervention into Czechoslovakia did stall the proceedings talks were resumed in 1969 and some sort of agreement was reached in May 1972 so Nixon commenced the talks in November 1969 where they alternated between Vienna and House Enki and the initial talks were bogged down by mutual suspicion yet in May 1971 a breakthrough was achieved and this breakthrough meant that the Americans agreed to grant the Soviets a three-to-two edge in ICBMs which is intercontinental ballistic missiles and the Soviets chose to ignore the missiles that could be launched from Western Europe Nixon's visit to China in February 1972 exerted further pressure upon the USSR to sign the treaty which was named sue 1 and these were extremely successful and the US Senate voted for the agreement with an overwhelming majority so now we just need to look at what was involved in salt 1 as there was some different parts to it and the first part will see the anti-ballistic missile treaty and the anti-ballistic missile treaty limited both the Soviet Union and the US sir only constructing two fields of anti-ballistic missiles each with no more than a hundred cells and one of these could be set up by the Capitol whilst the other could protect in to contemplate the ballistic missile size but the treaty significantly restricted the strategic value of anti-ballistic missiles and prevented a significant competition in developing further anti-ballistic missile defense technology the anti-ballistic missile treaty also recognized power of the other country's nuclear arsenal and it strived to curb the race involving offensive nuclear weapons there was also the interim agreement on the limitation of strategic offensive arms and this agreement established a freeze on the number of ICBMs and SLBMs which has submarine-launched ballistic missiles are the existing levels so this amounted to 1054 intercontinental ballistic missiles for the USA competitor 1618 for the USSR then there were 656 submarine-launched ballistic missiles for the USA and 740 for the USSR and then 450 strategic bombers for the USA compared to a hundred and forty for the USSR but this agreement did make no provision for limitations on newly developing technology such as Merv's and cruise missile systems the greement was also interim and this meant that it was due to expire in 1977 however there were many positives of the sort agreement so the talk talks were mutually beneficial to Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev because they created greater stability and the prospects of international peace suit also over an era of date on and cooperation rather than confrontation and this non-confrontational relationship was based upon recognizing the nuclear parity between the two superpowers and this meant that both sides has something to gain from the agreement and a non-confrontational relationship so the salt agreement were finalized at the Moscow summit and the Moscow summit took place in May 1972 and it signaled the second time that Nixon had visited the USSR and it was a first when he was president now as primary aim was to finalize assault agreements yet it also set out guidelines for the USA USSR relationship and the basic principles of relations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic acted as a code of behavior between the two superpowers and there were 12 principles in greed and these included three main ones which I'll say about now so the first one was there was no alternative conducting the mutual relationship than peaceful coexistence so this meant that the two countries were committed to basing relation upon the principles of sovereignty equality non-interference in internal affairs and mutual advantage they also said that they will always exercise restraint in their mutual relations and will be prepared to negotiate and settle differences by peaceful means so this meant that the two countries would avoid military confrontation and prevent the outbreak of a nuclear war there was an acceptance of a special responsibility as well to do everything in their power so that complex or situations will not arrive which will serve to increase international tensions and to promote conditions in which all countries will live in peace and security and will not be subject to outside interference in their internal affairs but the basic principles and those are three or four main ones had no legal status which meant that they relied upon trust and for the USA the basic principles represented a set of aspirations rather than a solid basis for future day tante but for the USSR the basic principles were of fundamental importance because they represented nuclear parity between the superpowers and this they thought was the key to date on but whilst so wanted produced the first steps to date on both sides advocated something more wide-ranging and permanent and this meant that they started negotiations pursuit - so first of all we need to look at the Vladivostok summit of Makhno vembur in 1974 and after so one have been agreed both countries looked for a binding agreement and the first real steps to was sought to took place at Vladivostok in November 1974 and along with Henry Kissinger who had been retained as Secretary of State Gerald Ford visited Brezhnev to discuss a further negotiations and at the Vladivostok summit an agreement was reached upon a ten-year plan and in the plan for Soviet agreed to equal numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine launched ballistic missiles and this was due to the preliminary stage towards a future so two treaty but despite opposition in the US due to the apparent means made better by the USSR Congress passed resolutions were supported the Vladivostok salt agreement by February 1975 however a smooth transition towards sought to seem very unlikely and one problem was because the US argued that the limit on air-to-surface missiles applied only to ballistic missiles whether they say their union argued that it also applied to cruise missiles so problems such as these meant that the two sides were far away from a finalized agreement that could be ratified through salt - so now interpret a subsequent development after Vladivostok because when Kissinger returned from Vladivostok he faced significant opposition from the Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George Brown and many others so many new proposals were forced upon Kissinger and they were approved by Ford our Brezhnev rejected these proposals and the fact that there was a presidential election in 1976 meant as a fervor sought agreement would not be achieved that year in January 1977 Jimmy Carter replaced Gerald Ford as the president of the United States and the carter administration began and more ambitious arms reduction program because of both public opinion and his own advisors wishes so the details of his new proposal were unveiled to the Soviets on 28th of March of 1977 and they included reducing the strategic systems from the 2,400 level accretive ladder Vostok to between 1800 and 1900 he also wanted to reduce the number of missile launchers four moves from 1320 to 1,100 he was it a ban on the development testing and deployment of new intercontinental ballistic missiles and a ban on all types of cruise missiles with a range above 2,500 kilometers but Brezhnev saw the Vladivostok agreement as binding and this meant that he thought that Carter was acting in unacceptable manner so this meant that new proposals were rejected and Brezhnev started to view the carter administration as moving away from cooperation and de tante but the Vienna summit did happen in June 1979 and despite the delays in the agreements both countries wanted the sort to agreement to proceed an agreement was finally announced on the 9th of May 1979 at the Vienna summit but despite the fragility of Brezhnev the two leaders demonstrated warmth towards another and they recognized their responsibilities in controlling the arms race avoiding nuclear war and sustaining de tante but the treaty established numerical equality between the two nations in terms of nuclear weapons delivery systems and it limited the amount of Merv's the number of ICBMs and SLBMs were also not to exceed 2,400 however the treaty did do little to truly stop the arms race and it was met with unrelenting criticism within the US this is because it was a denounced as a sellout to the Soviets which would leave America virtually defenseless against the whole range of new weapons which were not mentioned in the agreement but debate over the suit - negotiations continued in the US Congress for a month until the Soviet launched their invasion off of Afghanistan in 1979 and this Soviet attack killed any chance of salt - being passed and Carter withdrew the treaty from the Senate in January 1980 so this meant that so - remains signed but unmodified so during the 1980s both nations agreed to respect the agreement until a new arms negotiation could take place so now we've looked at the US side of datums we know how to look at Europe and auto policy so Ostpolitik was a term used to define a new approach to the European east-west relationship and was brought about by Willy Brandt pointment as Chancellor of West Germany in 1969 and Brandt decided that he would abandon the whole Stein doctrine and this was at the FRG the Federal Republic of Germany would withdraw diplomatic contact from any country that established diplomatic relationships with East Germany and in Brandt objectors were to recognize East Germany and the territorial changes that had occurred at the end of the Second World War particularly the oder nice border between East Germany and Poland but to impose bottom steps of establishing Ostpolitik occurred in 1970 with the Treaty of Warsaw in December 1970 and firstly Brandt talks with the Soviet Union led to a joint non-aggression pact in August 1970 and then on the seventh of December 1970 West Germany signed a treaty of Poland that recognized the post-war owed a nice border and these were important steps in securing wasp oolitic and cooperation within Europe the eventual recognition of the two Germany's was furthered when water uberx who was the last Stalinist resigned in 1971 and he was replaced by Erich Honecker who is more willing to improve the relationships between the two countries and then in December 1972 there was a major breakthrough in the development in European day tante when the two Germany signed an agreement which recognized the other and this meant that the Hostin doctrine was dead so this was the basic treaty of 1972 and the basic treaty was an attempt to normalize the relation ship that between the two Germany's and it was signed on the 21st of December 1972 in East Berlin and it acknowledged the sovereignty of the two nations and restored diplomatic communications but the first article stated that the FRG and the GDR shall develop normal good neighborly relationships with each other on the basis of equal rights the second article stated that both countries would be guided by the UN in terms of sovereign equality of all states respect for their independent autonomy and territorial integrity the right to self-determination the protection of human rights and non-discrimination and then the third article says that the FRG and GDR shall settle any disputes between them exclusively by peaceful means and shall refrain from the threat or use of force but embedded within these articles was the commitment of potential economic relationships the recognition of the sovereignty of the FRG and the GTR and territorial in viability but a basic treaty did settle the relationship between the FRG and the GDR and other European and international nations to forge diplomatic relationships with the GDR which is East Germany but by the end of September 1973 both West Germany and East Germany were members of the UN and this had meant that the groundwork had been laid for the future of European date on an European date and reached its high point with the convening of a European Security Conference and a total of 35 states participated and this included the whole of Europe except for Albania and the USA and Canada and each power had a veto at their disposal and this work of a conference lasted for two years and it reached its for now at a summit level meeting between a 30th of July to the 1st of August 1975 and the outcome was known as the House Enki Accords an agreement with the house in Kiev chords were divided in two baskets the house sinky final act was split up into baskets the first basket was titled security in Europe and this declared the inviolability of existing European borders and it enunciated the essential principles that were to govern interstate relations it consisted of ten principles that were to be applied to interstate relationships and these include respect for sovereignty the rejection of the threat or use of force recognition of existing frontiers equal rights and self-determination of people's the fulfillment of international obligations and cooperation among states now all signatories also agreed to provide advanced notification of large military exercises and other similar plans the second basket was titled cooperation in the field of economics of Science and Technology and of the environment and this covered economic technological scientific and environmental cooperation if ever addressed trade and industrial cooperation the promotion of tourism and issues concerning migrant labor the third basket was about cooperation in humanitarian and other fields and this emphasized human rights including freedom of emigration and reunification of families / international borders cultural exchanges and freedom of the press now the Soviet leader Jeff went along with Basket three as an acceptable if distasteful trade-off so long as they were simultaneous gaming the formal recognition of borders which was in the first basket and increased trade flows that they craved in the second basket so finally in the fourth basket it formalized the details for follow-up meetings and implementation processes and this madness C s c e the conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe held further meetings in Belgrade in 1977 to 1978 Madrid in 1980 to 1983 and Vienna it from 1986 to 1989 so the Soviets have three main interests in the csce and that was to expand Ostpolitik and develop a wider acceptance of the status quo in Central and Eastern Europe he wanted to further the process of east-west de tante and decreased barriers between states in order to increase trade and economic activity now they were less keen on the issue of human rights and they were worried about external influence in Soviet affairs so there was some reluctance to accept the provision on advanced notice of military exercises and this meant that it was only a wider commitment to date on that led them to accept the conditions in the house Tinky final act now the American position towards Helsinki Accords was slightly different because they of course were initially unpopular with the West because they were not yet willing to accept the status quo and this was result in a formal acceptance in the Soviet annexation of Estonia Latvia and Lithuania and it acknowledged that the Soviets had domination of Eastern Europe and that there was a divided Germany however the third basket upon human rights was extremely important to allow some freedom of speech and the fact that there was a relaxation in tensions in Europe was also very much welcomed so finally we just need to look at the continued arm race but because Kissinger was convinced that if a sought to agreement was not agreed on by 1977 and that was when the interim so one agreement expired there would be a further expansion in the number of nuclear weapons and the US defense secretary James Schlesinger also argued that the US must ensure that they had technical and strategic superiority over the USSR in term of nuclear weapons so by the middle of 1978 Carter was faced with the issue that the USSR refused to end for deployment of ss-20 missiles in Europe or reduce its amount of heavy missiles so this meant but by 1979 Carter had convinced NATO allies to increase their military expenditure by 3 percent and to deploy 572 Pershing to and cruise missiles across Alliance territory so the USSR continued to deploy his ss-20 missile system through its Warsaw Pact allies and this was seen as a fundamental threat to the NATO defense strategy so obviously there were problems with date ons and there was still a continued arms race but however that is the whole of de tante I hope you've enjoyed this video and see you soon bye