yeah okay so tonight we're doing the reproductive system lab this is our last lab of the semester and for the most part the lab exam will be next Monday and as if we said it would be both on urinary structure and and reproductive structure okay so share screen we get to the opening here I think this will work and see if we can see what we need to see wrong button okay let me see where am I looking for is this what I'm looking for no is this what I'm looking for yes okay do we all see a title page it says male reproductive system yes okay thank you thank you thank you okay I figured I'd start with the male reproductive system only because we've spoken of the male reproductive system in lab so for most of this this could be a review a way of quizzing yourself to see how much you remember from last Wednesday so we'll go to the first model these are the models that are on blackboard and let's see if this will do just as to what we need to see okay now the first thing I want to point out okay you know me I don't go just naming the things that you see on the screen but things I want to point out if you recall when we did urinary bladder and here is the male urinary bladder here I did mention that the top of the urinary bladder has a serosa here is the view where you can appreciate what I was talking about see here is the abdominal cavity and if we follow this pink peach color line here you can see that there's the membrane here this would be the peritoneum the membranes of the abdominal area that covers and has the double membrane that covers all the digestive organs but here we are in the pelvic area and we noticed that the peritoneum comes down and it goes over the urinary bladder right here acting like a cap and then it comes down here goes over the rectum the large intestine and then it goes back up again so now you can see how it's possible that the urinary bladder has a serosa on the top but not on the sides say here on the sides would be only adventitia okay so here is a good view of the urinary bladder in males where I can easily ask what is this layer on top and of course you that would give you the opportunity to to tell me that this membrane on the top here okay would be the serosa okay but if I was to ask you what is the tissue that is covering this part of the urinary bladder okay that's where you would use the words add then Tisha okay so you see how much clearer it is now in this view you know it's not it's not a matter of just memorizing you could actually see you could actually see the top of the bladder is covered with the serosa and the side is adventitia okay but let's get to the male reproductive system so this view here for the most part just shows you basics in fact it doesn't show you all the basics so you can literally tell me more than what you see okay obviously I'll circle the things that we do see we actually see the scrotum okay and here's the scrotal sac that is housing to test us inside the testes okay now notice the outer covering in the testes in this view is white okay question does anybody know what that white tissue is on the outside it was mentioned very very quickly last week okay I didn't expect an answer okay this is the tunica albuginea okay the tunica albuginea if you want to make a mental note and and I believe it's it's it's on your lab write-up is the visceral layer in other words it's the layer that's actually touching the surface of the test Asst again you'll see a better view of it later but I'm just letting you know now this white area that you see here okay is the visceral layer of the the test is and it's known as the tunica albuginea so I don't know if you want to stretch your imagination and say albuginea remind you of albino albino so that you remember it's the white layer that's on the surface okay now you remember some of the functions I hope that in the testing sperm is being produced and testosterone is being produced etc etc when the sperm are produced remember after they're produced they have to get stored somewhere and they get stored in this outer covering known as this outer swelling here known as the epididymis now the epididymis is actually made up of coil tube if you can actually see inside it inside here there's lots and lots and lots and lots and lots and lots of coil tubules that go from the top all the way down to the bottom before it enters the vas deferens which is after that now this little coil enos that I that I just created here represents three parts of the epididymis the epididymis actually does have three parts and the three parts are what you would expect if you remember the pancreas this part is the head okay this part here would be the body and down here would be the tail that's kind of come up later but I'm just giving you a preview now so the epididymis is this long coiled tube and it's coil is about six meters of tube here okay but this is where if you remember sperm are stored is with a sperm mature learn to swim and during arousal these tubes actually undergo peristalsis there's little sewage mussels in here that will start pushing the sperm cells into the next tube okay and the next tube being the the one that's not labeled okay the next to being of course this tube okay and that tube it's got two names more common names that ductus difference okay it's some of the older books they call it the vas deferens either name is is acceptable okay so where does the vas deferens going anybody want to tell me I'll give you a hint by circling a certain spot right here where we specialize location right there this is where the tube goes into the male body it's an area that also when the testes were inside the fetus to test these has come out through this opening to get down here and as a result it creates a slight weakness in the male anatomy in the abdominal area yeah it's not the prostate gland the prostate gland is a gland itself but this is a yeah this would be the inguinal and now yeah the inguinal canal is this location here it's with the the vas deferens and the entire sperma spermatic cord okay that we'll talk about in a moment but everything goes to the testes through this little space here and it's right over the pubic bone this is the pubic bone right here okay here's the abdominal wall right here made up of abdominal muscles and all that right here's a little space where it goes through and that's known as the inguinal canal and not only does the vas deferens go through there but also notice that there are and I'm not going to hold you responsible please even though later later but you have a variety of different arteries and veins testicular artery testicular veins and various other types of veins that that drain and bring blood to this area and this is all part of the structure known as the spermatic cord okay now I won't be probably asking you anything about the schematic or I don't think I even put it on my my lab list but the spermatic cord represents everything that goes to the inguinal canal that brings nourishment blood even nerve fibers that go to the testes is just through this little opening right here okay anyway but right now we're only following plumbing we're doing the plumbing again like we did last week okay so if you remember the plumbing we have sperm being made in the testes they get stored and they mature in the epididymis and then after that then go into the ductus deferens the ductus deferens goes through the special place called the inguinal canal and when it goes through the inguinal canal it'll eventually get to the back and join in here and you might be saying in where professor you're not pointing to any place you're right I'm not pointing to any place because you can't see it it's in here okay in here remember there's an ejaculatory duct at joints and it joins the and you don't have to worry about this right now but it joins the urethra that comes down from the bladder like this okay and this ejaculatory duct is where the semen is formed okay let's see if there's anything else oh well a few other things that you can obviously see they obviously are labeling this skin that's on the outside of the glans which is right here which seems odd that they would label one thing but not label the other okay so here is the the the the pre puss which is the fancy word for foreskin and the foreskin it covers over the penis but not any part of the penis but part of the penis known as the glans sometimes it's full name is that glans penis okay so this would be the swelling right here okay and again to just explain a little detail another thing you'll see later this little rim on the glans penis actually has a name also right here this little raised area right here that you see me putting little dots on hopefully okay this little raised area right here has a name of its own okay this Vermont someone must have said this look like a crown so they don't know so yeah so they added the name corona as being the raised area so it's the raised portion of the glans now but both the corona and the glans are highly filled with nerves and this is the more sensitive sexually arousal area of the male's a very very sensitive in this area right here okay I mean the other things that you can see from this point of view you get to see later on anybody want to show off and tell me what this little cloudy thing is right here back back in the bladder seminal gland yeah that's a similar plan or seminal vesicles yeah that's a gland that's a seminal gland or seminal vesicle and that makes seminal fluid and somebody before was asking about the the prostate gland the prostate gland is this brown when on okay so so that's the one down here okay yeah that's where the prostate is so in this view you get to see a lot of things and this model can actually come apart it comes off the smile so from this view you're getting a good general view of most of the structures in the in the male anatomy okay any questions on this photo except pubic symphysis for the inguinal you know when you see the pubic symphysis is a totally different structure you can't even see the pubic symphysis now because if you remember the pubic symphysis is a little disc of cartilage this pubic bone so you can see in another view where you see blue you'll see the pubic symphysis but then you won't be seeing the the inguinal canal so it covers the innocence you know what it is you have two testes so there were two inguinal canals and males mm-hmm so since the male has two testicles there is two inguinal canal one to the left and one to the right of the abdominal area the pubic symphysis is dead center this view you can't see the pubic symphysis not until we remove that section okay so again to answer you straight out the answer would be no I could not accept pubic symphysis for this and you'll see why in a moment I think anyone else how many questions on this map sorry what is that though some pink arrows above being a spermatic cord above the spermatic cord yeah you see it no on your left on the left of the screen on the left the screen right above the testes above the green circle all right are these pink arrows I made yeah the one the two that are close together yeah on the other side oh they're all that has no name on it yes yeah those were the arteries and veins of sperm accord oh okay thank you not when I said in the sperm record right here there's other things it's not just the ductus deferens but over here there were arteries and veins just probably testicular arteries and veins that are also in the spermatic cord I think you all right let me clear this all right and this is gonna repeat you're gonna see this repeating and then in the next in the next screen okay cuz the next screen just took off that part to show all the details that we mentioned and some of the ones that I will never mention it's not on my list okay so let's let's go over the ones that that that you would need to know so here again we see the skin down here so that would be the weaboos be careful be careful okay I'm gonna bring this down a little bit so I can bring this up so you could see it better I gotta close this let's just try to stretch just just enough so I can bring it up so we could do the whole bottom there we go now it makes sense okay now when I said the skin I was pointing here is that the pre person oh that's the scrotum okay right okay so just reviewing so right here in fact I'm gonna put the name right on it okay the skin that covers the testes it is the spurdo okay can we see the pre puss now that's right but if you can't see the pre post now because the pre puss was on the other model and it would be skin that would cover this like this nobody here and it would be here and it would cover the whole thing the the other model had it in fact the only way to show you that is to actually go back for a one quick second to show you where you saw that see right here see there you see the skin on the outside that's the pre puss that's the the foreskin that normally would cover this whole thing in an uncircumcised male so this would be completely covered in the Shroud of skin so don't jump and say pre puss when you hear the word skin because sometimes the skin could be the scrotum that's covering fantastic so two two external layers of skin that have different structures different functions rather the scrotum of course as we're gonna learn in a few minutes has muscles in its wall to help regulate the temperature of the testes the pre press itself is just a shroud of skin that covers the head of the the glance for the tip of the penis okay so now we're looking at this just close up reviewing so once again in our review let's circle the things we need to know so you know that we said already that this skin is scrotum okay let me change the color that so it's a little darker okay this skin is the scrotum okay what is this white ball here that's the test us and what's the tissue that's covering it yeah obviously you're hearing it for the first time tonight so you know unless you did some reading earlier so that would be the tissue layer okay so when we do to Annika Virginia we're not talking about what's the old structure we're talking about only what the white layer is that's the twin Cal Virginia okay then we have here that they're starting to show you that the the epididymis itself has three parts to it so there you can see in the three parts okay calling this area here that's the head right here then this whole long part right here like the pancreas the longer part is the body and only the tip here is the tail in reality I mean I I've gotta be you know a little picky on this but that's me me being picky you actually don't see the tail because the tail remember I said this is really made up of lots and lots of coil tubules so these tubules of coiled coil coiled coils coiled coils got doesn't stop here it actually goes all the way down here and then once it gets to the bottom here that would be the tail and then after the tail it makes a u-turn earn and then becomes part of the vas deferens you'll see it better in another two but just for now for our purpose we know this is the epididymis and you just have a mental note it's got a head in the beginning a body and the tail and this is the order in which the sperm will move okay so when the sperm remain in the testes they first enter the head part then they go to the body and then they're stored in the tail and that's when they'll make a u-turn and and enter the vas deferens now I notice on this model they're calling it the vas deferens but again I have to remind you in your book you'll see the name ductus difference but same thing either one will be accepted okay now in this view they are labeling the various arteries and veins and things like that okay so that they have a testicular artery here but that's like almost like common sense it's red going to the testes so it's a testicular artery this one is different the panco fin of pinna form the pen pinna form plexus okay is part of this blue matter this drainage it goes from the tests and all that I will not ask you that okay so these you don't have to worry about in terms of your studying just go by what's on your lab guide if you can get a chance to print it print it tonight and you'll see the master lists that have on there okay so this is just reviewing everything we did already there's the urinary bladder okay there's the prostate gland finally pointed out to you okay you told me this was the seminal plan or seminal vesicle and the only thing that they're not telling you which I want you to know again not to be redundant but just to make sure you do that's what is this area I'm gonna be you know I need to know I need to make sure you know but this is a very critical area in the male body because you hear of males having inguinal hernias mentioned it on Wednesday and may I keep saying males have inguinal hernias because only males have inguinal canal someone had mentioned that you know females have hernias too but most female hernias are umbilical hernias which is another weak spot in their abdominal wall and so and it could happen anywhere in the abdomen where the intestine actually poached through the wall all right but males have this extra weak spot where the testes the testes which used to be inside the body of the male fetus when a certain gene turns on when the fetus needs determined to become a male then the testee starts moving and moving and moving and they actually pushed through the inguinal canal and then find themselves housed in an outpouching of skin which we call the scrotum I'm sure you've heard of babies that a male babies that are born with impacted testes the testes get stucked in the inguinal canal and they have to be prodded to to drop down if the testes actually get stuck here and they don't move down then then the male will obviously not have testes in the scrotum and the testes up here will be sterile they won't be able to make sperm because the body temperature of the male will be too warm okay some of the other structures that we see here is here's where they label the head being the glans penis the edge the elevation being the corona and the rest of the penis they're just calling the shaft penis okay so the entire structure is the penis but these structures that they're pointing out right here are just specific okay and again when you talk about the pre puss what parts are covered by the pre puss yes the parts that are by the pre puss would be the head and the corona they're covered by the treatments there's other skin that's covering the shaft yes but it's not considered the pre post because it's not the foreskin okay so this is just generally a review a few more details on it any questions on this view okay yeah this is mr. repeat of what we saw already for the most part okay so let's see what's after this okay now after this we finally see the sagittal section without that thing on top and now as someone had asked before now you can see the distinction of the pubic symphysis see the pubic symphysis remember was a disc of cartilage that's right in the middle and it's a pubic bone on one side and there's a pubic bone on the other side it's where the pubic bones are that you'll find the inguinal canal but this blue thing that's the pubic symphysis okay now the the it's the distinction of the pubic symphysis is something anatomically critical in males and females and matters since the pubic symphysis is dead center in the middle we can see that the pubic symphysis here connects to a muscle and this muscle here starts here right over the male urethra goes here goes right over the anal canal here and ends up all the way on the other side okay so from here to here this whole muscle that you see going across has a special name and it's it should come up later but in case it doesn't I'll make you mention it now okay this is the uro genital genital die frame okay now okay I don't know what color is better but there we go okay now the urogenital diaphragm the reason why I put in capital letters is because and it's written on your lab so it's like it's not like I'm telling you anything that's a mystery it's on the lab it's mentioned in fact it might even be a store next to it remember the genital diaphragm is skeletal muscle if that is important to remember and because it's skeletal it's voluntary and the reason why that can be critical in your understanding of what you're seeing here is now you know why this part right here and I'll put little so you can see where I'm referring to okay I'll make little red dots that's why this muscle here and this muscle here was the external anal sphincter and as a voluntary so that was the one you can control well when we talked about urination we said the urine leaves the body and on the floor of the bladder is the internal urethral sphincter that is involuntary now look at the urogenital diaphragm you'll start to see that there's a muscle here and there's a muscle on this side a muscle on both sides of the membranous urethra external urethral sphincter so this urogenital diaphragm becomes that muscle of control this is the muscle that when it goes past a urethra it creates the external urethral sphincter when it goes past the anal canal it creates the external anal sphincter because the internal one is inside all right that smooth muscle so this is the voluntary muscle that is used for controlling the vacation that's the muscle here in males that controls urination females also have a urogenital diaphragm but you'll see that later in the female I just wanted to point that out because this is where you can see it and it makes the most sense okay now let's do what we need to do in terms of reviewing the male structures so once again we have a variety of different stroke labeled but I'm sorry I like to do things where you understand the logic of it so the first thing I want you to do is look where the test this is and notice that that since the test this is an cut you see things that you didn't see before all right now the first thing I'm going to do is is trace over the test this with a fairly neutral color okay all right and I'm going to go around it like this okay I'm gonna try and then a little part of it goes here then there's an indent here okay if I said what tissue is that that I just traced and I went over the tests with now wouldn't ask you because I would ask you on the other view does anybody have any idea what tissue that is that is right there that's all around the testers that's right that's the tunica albuginea it's the outer visceral layer of the test this now I wouldn't ask you that here I would ask you on the other model where you could see that white covering but the fact that it's visceral I wanted you to see it from this view because now it'll make sense because look I don't know if you can see it unless I undo something here if I undo it I'm gonna undo the word but that's okay I think you can see it right down here I'm gonna change color so you can follow my new line make it green but right here where the tunica albuginea reaches the bottom in the front anterior part there right here is a u-turn and it makes a u-turn and it goes out here and then it covers the outside and then it looks like it disappears but it doesn't really disappear it actually goes around the whole outside you can't see it and it goes back this way okay now obviously if this is the visceral layer because it went on the outside at the inside and it touched at Estes then by all means this green layer that we see here must be a parietal layer and it is the parietal layer would be the Tunica vaginalis odd name for a structure that's inside the mail but that's what it's called okay this would be the Tunica vaginalis out here so let me erase all this and let you look at it to see you notice the difference by clear all my drawings okay you can't really see the Tunica vaginalis but you definitely can see that white structure that's actually tracing on the outside okay so you know that this would be the only place if I point to this white layer and say what's this outside white layer you got to remember that that's the parietal layer so that would be the Tunica vaginalis okay because it's on the outside it's in the chamber of the testes if I ask you what's the white layer on the test this that would be in the other picture okay okay that would be the other one so this is the only place you would actually be able to see the Tunica vaginalis okay all right now what other details do you see here that they're gonna mention later well the testes is cut right open okay and you'll notice that this part of the test is that's all white this whole area here is white okay right here right here right here all over okay that whole area is white everywhere I've pointed that now I'm just gonna undo undo undo undo okay so this whole white area here and I'm gonna basically just say like this this whole white inner here that's where the sperm Amade so that's place that be filled with that would be the place where you would find the tubes that actually may sperm so that would be the place where you find salmon if forests tubules that makes sperm okay okay so this would be filled with tubules that may experiment again the artist wasn't very very clear okay but there will be two wheels here and two wheels here and two wheels here and two wheels here there were all these tubes inside here that I'm making sperm now you might say that's great millions and millions of sperm are being made in the testes and these little tubules then they have to get out to get to the epididymis so how do these tubules get out to the epididymis now do you see the epididymis from this view all right well let me trace over it there's the head there's the body there's the tail and it goes back up again okay if I shade it in maybe if I shade it it'll be easier to see so here is the head and all these little things that look like donuts down here parts that look like donuts that would be the tail of the epididymis okay all this would be the testes okay took care of that I think all right uh so if you look at the color areas that I just finished shading okay the yellow is the testes and inside the test this is all these seminarist tubules okay so let's let's try to get our brain straight so professor is going to point to this and he's gonna say what are the specific structures in here I better know it's a seminarist tubules if he asks what's the structure out here even though it doesn't look like it I got to remember on the outside is the epididymis okay and that would be this entire orange area out here now comes my original question how did the sperm get from here to out here and that's what this structure is for okay use a different color on that one let's this structure here right in the middle looks like a little seed okay and that little seed is the exit point for the seminarist tubules it's known as their retail testa's some of the pictures they'll call it just the retai but it's the retai testes and what the retail testa's has in it or afferent and efferent tubules but I'm not going to ask you to know those just know that there's tubules that are actually leading out of here and these tubules will go to the epididymis and then these tubules will connect to here that'll go to here and you saw me do this several times keep saying 8 meters of tube I don't know if you realize how long eight meters of tubes are but that's a long piece of thread that's his tubules or where the sperm or made and stored okay so you can start looking at the pathway of sperm missing well they're made in the seminar for tubules they exit through the reach a test us and now they enter and are stored in the epididymis okay is that clear now that I've colored it all in for you that better okay so that's the three that's where the sperma made that's where the sperm exit the test is that way they can get into the epididymis and now we can't see what happens next because the front of the the the the reproductive structures been removed we can't see the vas deferens making its long long trip up and over through the inguinal canal or over the urinary bladder because now everything's been cut away but at least we could see what's inside to test us okay what other things can we see here that you should be aware of well since we can't see where the sperm go but we do know that the sperm go over the bladder and in the back we can see where it ends up and here it is there's the ejaculatory duct so what's missing in this numbering one two three what we're missing in this picture is actually number four okay and number four would be the ductus difference and that's not here but if it was here okay that would be number four on the pathway and the ductus deferens would go up over the pubic symphysis over the urinary bladder it would come back here and here's where it ends up here's number five it would end up in the ejaculatory duct now on the right up when you get to ejaculatory duct I write I wrote formation and build-up of semen prior to ejaculation the semen that builds up here in this tube is made up of three major parts okay and the three parts are the materials that are added to the sperm that have entered the ejaculatory duct so the ejaculatory ducts role is to actually bring the the sperm in okay so the sperm come into the ejaculatory duct and what gets added to that amen seminal fluid and prostatic fluid very good we got prostatic fluid and what we don't see is hiding back here okay somewhere back here if I change a color so it's a little brighter somewhere back here behind the bladder is the other missing structure we need to see okay and that would be the seminal bland vesicle okay so these are the two structures that I'm going to add fluid to the ejaculatory duct okay 30 percent will be prostatic fluid another 60 percent would be seminal fluid does anybody remember which one has the fructose in it that's right fructose is in the seminal vesicle okay that brings the nourishment prostatic fluid has other things in it that helped us the the the sperm okay various other kinds of ingredients prostaglandins that to make the sperm excited and makes them swim faster so there's a whole bunch of components that are in there but they both work together to help support the nourishment and mobility motility of the sperm so these are both very very positive to the health and well-being of the sperm okay to try to protect the sperm and help it to move where it needs to go okay what else do we see in here that that is is somewhat labeled and the other things that you see in here are the different urethras now I circle this as the prostate gland but obviously it wasn't the prostate gland this was just pointing to the tube okay so let me correct myself on that by by saying this the prostate gland this whole thing right here in red okay and inside the prostate gland okay that would came PR LS and that's the the prostate gland right there okay so that would be this part the red okay this is actually the tube okay so this portion of the tube that we see right here okay that's the prostatic urethra and obviously it makes sense the prostatic urethra is main job is to carry urine from the urinary bladder okay but the prostatic urethra also shares this ejaculatory duct so the prostatic urethra will also carry semen when a male reaches climax okay but there's another part of the urethra in males this was the prostatic urethra now there's a little part of the aretha that's right here okay that's the membranous urethra that's the shorty and the significance of this one what makes this one so special is I'm gonna remind you once again because that urethra on this side and this side had what Pinker's sphincter and any sphincter Conlan's heron yeah these are the voluntary ones the sphincter these little sphincters that you see here okay those of course be the external yury throw sphincters alright again those are the voluntary ones and that's because the internal urethral sphincter x' you've got to go to the bladder to see them if this is the bladder and the internal sphincter would be on the floor of the bladder right here okay those are the internal urethral sphincter so for males the internal urethral sphincter is on the floor of the bladder the external urethral sphincter czar on the other side of the prostate which is a good spot because when these fingers close right here that's been allowed pressure to build up and the semen to build up in here because this valves also going to be closed so when a man undergoes arousal I think it's a parasympathetic response closes both these valves and when the valves closed that will allow the the semen for the most part to build up here in the Jack matauri duct and build up and build up and build up until a man reaches climax and then the prostate itself acts like an eyedropper and it starts to squeeze and when the eyedropper here squeezes that allows the ejaculation to go through the rest of the penis which brings us to the last tube the last tube of course has several names but they haven't labeled way over here okay this long tube that goes through the length of the penis brings the semen and urine out of the body okay that's the penis urethra or it's also known as the spongy urethra does anyone know why it's sometimes called a spongy urethra well it's not that the tube looks like a sponge but there's a rectal tissue around it and the two erectile tissues that are around it give the allow the penis to become erect is the inner one the one that's going around it that you see in the color red that's the corpora spongy awesome don't worry in the book if they use the word corpus spongiosum if you happen to see you know another name in the book and they use the word corpus same thing corpus spongiosum a corpus spongiosum I don't really think there's a difference I'm not quite sure those corpus means body so this is a spongy body because in the spongy body here there were tiny tiny little openings that will fill up with blood those tiny little openings that fill up with blood that creates blood pressure that creates the erection in the male okay so now you know why it's called a spongy urethra it's called a spongy urethra because it has the corpus spongiosum around it okay so it's a spongy urethra or it's also known as the penile urethra because it's the urethra that goes through the penis now the other erectile tissue there's actually two of them okay and the other erectile tissue is called the corpus or corpora cavernosa and I keep saying but there's two of them okay there's two they're in pairs all right they're located on the dorsal lateral part of the penis so in other words if I showed you a cross-section of the penis all right this is gonna be a little hard to draw but I'll do the best I can okay I cut the penis hey use that terminology but yes and I cut the penis this way in a cross-section okay you would see the corpus spongiosum at the bottom right about here there's the corpus spongiosum on the bottom and in the court of spongy oh so there would be a tube that tube would be right there right middle okay that little tube in the middle would be the penile urethra okay so there's the urethra in the middle that pinkish area that's around it would be the corpus spongiosum right here okay so where's the corpora cavernosa well the corpus cavernosa I did mention I'll use the same color that you see there okay the corpus cavernosa would be here and here okay so sort of looks a little bit like a face but there are two masses of corpora cavernosa and they're on the dorsal lateral side on the top a little bit to the left a little bit to the right okay all this erectile tissue is fed with blood vessels so when the blood vessel comes here this becomes engorged with blood and that's what creates the erection difference corpus spongiosum if you remember me saying has tiny little places in it tiny little cavities in it where if you notice here on this view I don't know if you can see it but if you look here these spaces look bigger okay they look like little lines these are bigger spaces they are cavernous spaces so that's why this is called the corpus or Clapp corpora cavernosa okay bigger spaces and there's two masses of them one two and they fill up with blood so the erection is caused by blood pressure bringing blood and opens up the vessels into both both sets of erectile tissue and as you can see the corpus cavernosa I'm sorry the corpus spongiosum further enlarges into the glans penis at the end so the glans penis is actually part of the or connecting to the erectile tissue in the front as well okay any questions on this model yeah there's a lot but I made the list on the lab write-up so you just follow the list and that list to tell you what you need to know it's just that all these models are labeled differently and so you know I'm giving you an overview of everything you need to know okay let me clear this okay are there any questions before I go on because the next model is going to be the same exact mom let's look at it one more time this is the same model a little closer and again they've got different things labeled okay now they're pointing at the structures I mentioned before focusing inside the testes in the area around the testes what do you see you see the structures we've already said once but now we're gonna say them again what is this white mass here made up of specifically okay I'll do the shading again because I think that makes it a little easier for you to see okay what is this white area filled with it's labeled it for you this whole white area of the test is is filled with so the tubules obviously they were here those are the Semin at first tubules now the seminar first tubules again this is like a lecture question okay seminar first tubules have a job their job is to basically make sperm okay and again you might remember they make sperm by a process known as [Music] spermatogenesis which is a kind of meiosis remember and i don't know if you remember the details of it but we'll review it in lecture okay for every cell that we have inside the testes okay there's 46 chromosomes in each of those cells you remember that and if this was mitosis it would make two cells with 46 chromosomes but that's not what this is what's going to happen is this cell is going to divide after it takes all its chromosomes and if you recall this one it first doubles the chromosomes and then it divides and it divides not just once that would make it 46 and 46 but it divides again sorry about the misshapen there so when it divides twice how many chromosomes in each cell each sperm Cary's how many chromosomes it started off at 46 each each cell will have 23 in this one 23 in this one 23 in this one and 23 in this one each sperm cell will carry half the chromosome number that came originally from the father all right but if you recall those 23 and not the same each group of 23 is different because a special process occurs in the doubling of the chromosomes when the chromosomes double there's a process I don't expect you to remember this but I'll review at Wednesday because a process that creates genetic variation known as crossing over chromosomes actually cross over in switch pieces so when you make these sperm cells each of these sperm cells are genetically unique so in this seminarist tubules I know I'm jumping into physiology which I should all right so let's focus on structure so in the seminar first tubules there is a tube you'll and there is a tube you'll and then as a to view and that's to be yeah and these tubules you're imagining that this process is going on making a million sperm a day and all these sperms are heading into the center part who remembers what that center part was right in the middle right there the thing that looks like a seed was they retested that's right eat eat Estes and that's the Rita Tessa that's the exit point okay and then from the reach a test just remember the sperm will leave and go into the to the mistress and notice that now now they don't have it labeled all right yeah but here's the head there's the body and there's the tail and there's a mistake what's the mistake even the smartest professors I guess make a mistake this is not the retai test us down here okay nope that's not retested this is the retake test this where I label I'm sorry to say they they labeled the tail of the epididymis to retested so that's mistake so can you imagine all the other Anatomy students using these pictures on face on blackboard to study for anatomy and they're all looking at that thinking that's 3d tests so at least there's one group of students or maybe two that know where the real Ricci test is is okay it's right there it's a center point of the test that's where sperm exit and they exit to go into the epididymis and after the epididymis we know the rest okay so this is a close up of the of the testes and some of the detail inside okay I'm gonna annoying you now a little more and ask you some other questions do you remember what this white area was it goes all the way around the outside yeah that was a tissue on the outside so that was the Tunica vaginalis okay good could you see the tourniquet albuginea if you strain your eyes you could you could basically say oh the tunica albuginea would be like right here on the edge right there just before it makes a u-turn and becomes a Tunica vaginalis so it's like a double membrane just like that picture of a fist going into the heart where there's a membrane on the inside the membrane the onset but I'm hopefully I could put your mind at ease by saying I would never ask you that on this month I'll only ask you on the other model where you see the white now there is something on here that was added and if you don't mind I'm gonna clear the picture just so I can focus on the the so you can focus on the the picture that's the the labels that are there they notice they actually point to several other structures that you can see inside the scrotum notice that there were red dots in the skin of the scrotum that allows for wrinkling those red dots that yours truly put there are the dark toast muscles the dark toast muscles are very very superficial involuntary muscles you have them all over your skin male or female but you don't call them dörtos muscles now way back when somewhere I believe you you learn that you've got muscles in your skin that give you goosebumps they work all the wreak type erector pili are muscles and there's two R's in that not sure and maybe it has tours remember the recti pili muscles if you forgot they're in your skin and those are the muscles that give you goosebumps well in the wall of the scrotum are these muscles but they're modified they're known as the dark toast muscles and these dark toast muscles basically when they contract they cause the wrinkling of the skin so when a male is cold these muscles contract involuntarily it's part of the involuntary reflex just like when you're called you get goosebumps when you get cold these muscles contract and make the skin and the scrotum wrinkle the result of that wrinkling makes the testes makes the scrotum smaller and it pushes the testes closer to the body to keep the testes warm but that's not the only muscle that does that okay if you notice and I'll use a color to sort of shade it in a little bit okay if you notice there's a muscle out here it's brownish I'm not going to cover the whole thing and this brownish area right here goes all the way around the testes okay this is actually a muscle that goes all the way up leave it or not yeah this muscle goes all the way up all the way into the inguinal canal it's almost shaped like a huge gigantic hammock starts up here and goes all the way around like this and what's sitting in that hammock right here that's where the testes is and so when the body is cold not only is the scrotum wrinkling to make it smaller these muscles are pulling upward they cause elevation of the testes so once again they are pulling the testes closer to the body so these are the two muscles in Physiology you'll be asked what muscles are responsible for maintaining the proper temperature for sperm development and these would be the two these are the two muscles that provide homeostatic temperature regulation thermal regulation of the testes because the testes when they make sperm they don't like making sperm at body temperature in fact they can't because the sperm would die so instead the optimum temperature for sperm cells is 94 degrees that would be in Fahrenheit or 37 no it's not 34 degrees in Celsius okay and that would be the optimum temperature notice slightly lower than body temperature okay so this is body temperature this is the optimum temperature for sperm development okay and what makes this possible is the action of both the Cree master muscle and the dörtos muscle just know the difference it's easy to remember dark toast muscle or the red dots a crew master muscle covers the inside of the testes it's more internal and it's actually connected to the inguinal canal so it's actually skeletal muscle it's actually good to pull upward and as it pulls upward it's actually lifting the entire test us with it sort of acting like a little hammock little elevator table it's lifting everything up okay any other structures here you want to meet a review again while we're here oh you want me to ask some questions like what's the muscle that's here it would be the internal urethral sphincter very good it's on the floor of the bladder so this would be the internal urethral sphincter okay if I ask the question what is this tube right here and if you saw that let that be prostatic yes that would be the prostatic you reach but because it's going this way through the prostate hey this part right here yes I couldn't say point again yeah I'll make it a little thicker okay what I said this part that would be the prostatic urethra because it's in the prostate okay but now I'm pointing to this point out here membrane yes yes this is the membranous urethra because it's going through the your own whole diaphragm which I don't want to say right now but I did already remember the urogenital diaphragm is this muscle that starts right here under the pubic symphysis and goes all the way to the other side okay all the way to the other side that's that's your general diaphragm all the way to here but right here is where it produces another sphincter here with the external urethral sphincter and that's around the membranous urethra so you can see the potential of three questions often get confused if I ask you what's the tube that would be the membranous urethra if I ask you what's the muscle on both sides of it that would be the external urethral sphincter but if I decided to ask what's this whole muscle from here to here then I'm talking about the entire your road genital diaphragm okay that's the whole muscle whole muscles of your genital diver okay is there anything else on this picture you have questions on I mean there's a lot of things here I didn't label I was just asking something yes just to quickly go over it again right above the prostate you have those very bright orange dots yes those would be the internal urethral sphincter is correct yes okay thank you yep anything else okay I think we've done the male reproductive system it's do justice we went over every part almost like three times again you know I mean I could sit here and just keep reviewing and reviewing or reviewing but we still have the female structures to do okay like for example right here remember the pre puss now you can see it better skin on the outside of the glans penis okay so that that's basically it okay but there is one more gland and I don't know why it's not labeled yet but I'm gonna label it now that gland is right here bulbulay urethra Oakland right that little gland there I might have overlooked or maybe it's coming up but I can't wait for it to come up yeah that's got two names that one you can call the buh buh you read through a gland or you can call it something a lot easier to city and that's Cowper's gland okay Cowper's gland okay CalPERS clan is that gland I mentioned last Wednesday this is the gland that produces the alkaline mucus it helps to protect the sperm but lo notice its location it's located in the urogenital diaphragm so this is going to be producing a liquid that's going to come out through the male penis before ejaculation so this produces the alkaline mucus that we sometimes call pre ejaculatory emissions okay okay this is the the pre ejaculatory emission or or what is commonly called pre-cum because it's the liquid that comes out of the mail before he climaxes but if you recall it's gonna be filled with thousands and thousands of potential sperm okay all right right now it's 8 o'clock we're gonna take a little 10-minute stretch so we can use the bathroom if we need to and then we come back we'll do the complete female reproductive system okay let me go two more