Ultimate Biology Review

Overview

• Goal: To review key biology concepts in a concise format.
• Content Structure: Starts with cellular biology, progresses through human anatomy, physiology, and ends with genetics and evolution.
• Note: This is a brief overview; for in-depth study, refer to the biology playlist by Medicosis.

Cellular Biology

Cell Theory

• All living things are composed of cells.
• The cell is the basic functional unit of life.
• New cells arise only from pre-existing cells, carrying genetic information in DNA.

Cell Structure

• Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes:
  • Eukaryotes have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria for energy (ATP) production. DNA is linear and protein-bound.
  • Prokaryotes have circular, "naked" DNA. Example: Bacteria.

Cell Membrane

• Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Organelles

• Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, responsible for ATP production.
• Lysosomes: Contain hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down waste.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Golgi: Rough ER translates proteins for secretion, while smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
• Peroxisomes: Break down fatty acids.

Genetic Material

• DNA organized into chromosomes within the nucleus. The process of DNA to RNA (transcription) and RNA to protein (translation) is crucial for protein synthesis.
• Nucleolus: Assembly site for ribosomes.

Cytoskeleton

• Structure includes microfilaments (actin), microtubules (tubulin), and intermediate filaments, providing cellular support, movement, and division capabilities.

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Reproduction and Development

• Discusses mitosis (somatic cell division) and meiosis (germ cell division for reproductive purposes).
• Embryogenesis and fetal development, including placental function and fetal circulation.

Nervous System

• Divided into central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (nerves) systems. Functions include voluntary (somatic) and involuntary (autonomic) actions.

Other Systems

• Endocrine: Hormone regulation and effects.
• Respiratory: Airway structure and gas exchange mechanisms.
• Cardiovascular: Heart function, blood circulation, and vessel structure.
• Immune: Distinction between innate and adaptive immunity.
• Digestive: Process from ingestion to nutrient absorption and waste excretion.
• Renal: Kidney function, filtration, and urine production.
• Musculoskeletal: Bone and muscle structure, function, and regeneration.

Genetics and Evolution

Basic Concepts

• Genetics: DNA structure, gene expression, and inheritance patterns.
• Evolution: Processes of natural selection, genetic variation, and species adaptation over time.

Note: Detailed notes including diagrams, cell cycle checkpoints, and examples of diseases related to cellular abnormalities are available on medicosisperfectsnetis.com.