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What is a major advantage of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) over ACE inhibitors?
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ARBs generally have fewer adverse effects, such as a lower risk of cough.
What is an important consideration when using beta-blockers in patients with diabetes?
Beta-blockers may mask hypoglycemia symptoms, requiring careful monitoring.
What condition is specifically managed with the use of alpha-methyl dopa, and what test may yield a positive result due to its use?
Alpha-methyl dopa is used during pregnancy and may lead to a positive Coombs test.
Name two centrally acting sympatholytic drugs and their primary use or concern regarding adverse effects.
Clonidine (used for withdrawal symptoms) and Alpha-Methyl Dopa (may cause a positive Coombs test).
What is a key difference in the action of dihydropyridine versus non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
Dihydropyridines such as Amlodipine act mainly on arteries, while non-dihydropyridines like Verapamil affect heart rate and contractility.
Explain the role of aldosterone antagonists in hypertension management and a common adverse effect they cause.
Aldosterone antagonists like Spironolactone inhibit sodium and water reabsorption, with hyperkalemia as a common adverse effect.
What antihypertensive medication is recommended post-MI and why?
Beta blockers and ACE inhibitors are recommended post-MI due to their cardioprotective effects.
Which type of diuretic works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule, and what are its common adverse effects?
Thiazide diuretics such as Hydrochlorothiazide, with adverse effects like hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis.
Describe the mechanism of loop diuretics and a significant side effect.
Loop diuretics inhibit the sodium-potassium-chloride transporter in the ascending loop of Henle; ototoxicity is a significant side effect.
How do ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure and what unique adverse effect is associated with their use?
ACE inhibitors decrease angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation. A unique adverse effect is a persistent cough due to bradykinin accumulation.
Which beta-blockers are considered cardio-selective and what adverse effects should be monitored?
Atenolol, Bisoprolol, Metoprolol, Esmolol; monitor for bradycardia, hypotension, and risk for cardiogenic shock.
What mechanism of action do sympatholytics primarily rely on to lower blood pressure?
Sympatholytics inhibit the sympathetic nervous system.
Which antihypertensive is suitable for hypertensive emergencies involving neurological issues, and what is its mechanism of action?
Nicardipine is suitable for such emergencies; it is a calcium channel blocker that dilates blood vessels.
Identify two direct-acting vasodilators and their particular application issues.
Hydralazine and Minoxidil; both can cause reflex tachycardia and fluid retention.
How does nitroglycerin primarily function at standard and high doses in managing hypertension?
Nitroglycerin acts primarily as a venodilator but can also cause arterial dilation at high doses.
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