Lecture on State-Sponsored Industrialization

Context and Background

Industrial Revolution shifted global power towards industrialized nations (e.g., Western Europe, United States).
Non-industrialized nations risked losing power and influence.

Historical Context: Part of the Ottoman Empire, but operated independently in the early 19th century.
Ottoman Empire: Struggling due to internal issues; lacked resources for industrialization.
Muhammad Ali's Leadership:
- Initiated industrial projects (textile, weapons factories).
- Directed agriculture towards profit-oriented crops (e.g., wheat, cotton).
- Implemented high tariffs to protect local industries.
Outcome:
- Britain's intervention during Egypt-Ottoman war in 1839.
- Forced removal of tariffs led to influx of British goods.
- Resulted in failure to sustain industrialization efforts.

Initial Isolation: Tokugawa Shogunate's isolation from Western influence, limited trade with Dutch.
Factors for Change:
- Observation of Western dominance in Asia (e.g., China’s subjugation).
- Arrival of US Commodore Matthew Perry demanding trade relations.
Meiji Restoration (1868):
- Overthrow of Shogunate, restoration of Emperor's power.
- Aggressive industrialization to defend against Western powers.
Industrialization Process:
- Emissaries sent to learn from Western powers.
- Adoption of Western technologies, education, and political systems.
- Selective adaptation later on.
Developments:
- Constitutional government with elected Parliament (inspired by Germany).
- State-funded railroads, banking system, textile, and munitions industries.
Outcome:
- Emerged as major industrial power.
- Engaged with Western powers as equals in Asia.

Different approaches to industrialization led to varying levels of success.
Egypt's efforts were thwarted by external pressures, whereas Japan's state-sponsored approach led to significant power and self-sufficiency.

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